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The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 82, No. 2 407-413
Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Reproductive Endocrinology

Testosterone Replacement Increases Fat-Free Mass and Muscle Size in Hypogonadal Men1

Shalender Bhasin, Thomas W. Storer, Nancy Berman, Kevin E. Yarasheski, Brenda Clevenger, Jeffrey Phillips, W. Paul Lee, Thomas J. Bunnell and Richard Casaburi

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (S.B., B.C.), Los Angeles, California 90059; the Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Radiology, Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center (N.B., J.P., W.P.L., R.C.), Torrance, California 90509; Stable Isotope Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine (K.E.Y.), St. Louis, Missouri 63110; and El Camino College (T.W.S., T.J.B.), Torrance, California 90504

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Shalender Bhasin, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, and University of California School of Medicine, 1621 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059.

Testosterone-induced nitrogen retention in castrated male animals and sex-related differences in the size of the muscles in male and female animals have been cited as evidence that testosterone has anabolic effects. However, the effects of testosterone on body composition and muscle size have not been rigorously studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of replacement doses of testosterone on fat-free mass and muscle size in healthy hypogonadal men in the setting of controlled nutritional intake and exercise level.

Seven hypogonadal men, 19–47 yr of age, after at least a 12-week washout from previous androgen therapy, were treated for 10 weeks with testosterone enanthate (100 mg/week) by im injections. Body weight, fat-free mass measured by underwater weighing and deuterated water dilution, and muscle size measured by magnetic resonance imaging were assessed before and after treatment. Energy and protein intake were standardized at 35 Cal/kg·day and 1.5 g/kg·day, respectively.

Body weight increased significantly from 79.2 ± 5.6 to 83.7 ± 5.7 kg after 10 weeks of testosterone replacement therapy (weight gain, 4.5 ± 0.6 kg; P = 0.0064). Fat-free mass, measured by underwater weighing, increased from 56.0 ± 2.5 to 60.9 ± 2.2 kg (change, +5.0 ± 0.7 kg; P = 0.0004), but percent fat did not significantly change. Similar increases in fat-free mass were observed with the deuterated water method. The cross-sectional area of the triceps arm muscle increased from 2421 ± 317 to 2721 ± 239 mm2 (P = 0.045), and that of the quadriceps leg muscle increased from 7173 ± 464 to 7720 ± 454 mm2 (P = 0.0427), measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle strength, assessed by one repetition maximum of weight-lifting exercises increased significantly after testosterone treatment. L-[1-13C]Leucine turnover, leucine oxidation, and nonoxidative disappearance of leucine did not significantly change after 10 weeks of treatment. There was no significant change in hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatinine, and transaminase levels.

Replacement doses of testosterone increase fat-free mass and muscle size and strength in hypogonadal men. Whether androgen replacement in wasting states characterized by low testosterone levels will have similar anabolic effects remains to be studied.




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Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2002; 283(1): E154 - E164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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J. Weisberg, J. Wanger, J. Olson, B. Streit, C. Fogarty, T. Martin, and R. Casaburi
Megestrol Acetate Stimulates Weight Gain and Ventilation in Underweight COPD Patients*
Chest, April 1, 2002; 121(4): 1070 - 1078.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]