| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
From the Clinical Research Centers |
Division of Endocrinology (J.D.V.), Department of Internal Medicine, National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; Pediatric Endocrinology (D.L.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada; Genentech, Inc. (P.M.M.), South San Francisco, California 94080; Nemours Children’s Clinic (N.M.), Jacksonville, Florida 32207-8426; Department of Pediatrics (J.R.K.), East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614-0578; Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0363; Department of Pediatrics (A.D.R.), University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; and (S.M.P.) Guilford, Connecticut 06437
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Johannes D. Veldhuis, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and National Science foundation Center for Biological Timing, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908. E-mail: JDV{at}Virginia.Edu
Activation of the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in puberty
is marked by striking amplification of pulsatile neurohormone
secretion. In addition, each axis, as a whole, constitutes a regulated
network whose feedback relationships are likely to manifest important
changes at the time of puberty. Here, we use the regularity statistic,
approximate entropy (ApEn), to assess feedback activity within the
somatotropic (hypothalamo-pituitary/GH-insulin-like growth factor I)
axis indirectly. To this end, we studied pubertal boys and prepubertal
girls or boys with sex-steroid hormone deficiency treated short-term
with estrogen, testosterone, or a nonaromatizable androgen in a total
of 3 paradigms. First, our cross-sectional analysis of 53 boys at
various stages of puberty or young adulthood revealed that mean ApEn,
taken as a measure of feedback complexity, of 24-h serum GH
concentration profiles is maximal in pre- and mid-late puberty,
followed by a significant decline in postpubertal adolescence and young
adulthood (P = 0.0008 by ANOVA). This indicates
that marked disorderliness of the GH release process occurs in mid-late
puberty at or near the time of peak growth velocity, with a return to
maximal orderliness thereafter at reproductive maturity. Second, oral
administration of ethinyl estradiol for 5 weeks to 7 prepubertal girls
with Turner’s syndrome also augmented ApEn significantly
(P = 0.018), thus showing that estrogen per
se can induce greater irregularity of GH secretion. Third, in 5
boys with constitutionally delayed puberty, im testosterone
administration also significantly increased ApEn of 24-h GH time series
(P = 0.0045). In counterpoint, 5
-dihydrotestosterone, a nonaromatizable androgen, failed to produce
a significant ApEn increase (P > 0.43). We
conclude from these three distinct experimental contexts that
aromatization of testosterone to estrogen in boys, or estrogen itself
in girls, is likely the proximate sex-steroid stimulus amplifying
secretory activity of the GH axis in puberty. In addition, based on
inferences derived from mathematical models that mechanistically link
increased disorderliness (higher ApEn) to network changes, we suggest
that sex-steroid hormones in normal puberty modulate feedback within,
and hence network function of, the
hypothalamo-pituitary/GH-insulin-like growth factor I axis.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  L. Aksglaede, N. E. Skakkebaek, and A. Juul Abnormal Sex Chromosome Constitution and Longitudinal Growth: Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, IGF Binding Protein-3, Luteinizing Hormone, and Testosterone in 109 Males with 47,XXY, 47,XYY, or Sex-Determining Region of the Y Chromosome (SRY)-Positive 46,XX Karyotypes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2008; 93(1): 169 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, D. M. Keenan, A. Iranmanesh, K. Mielke, J. M. Miles, and C. Y. Bowers Estradiol Potentiates Ghrelin-Stimulated Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3559 - 3565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-M. Axell, H. E. MacLean, D. R. Plant, L. J. Harcourt, J. A. Davis, M. Jimenez, D. J. Handelsman, G. S. Lynch, and J. D. Zajac Continuous testosterone administration prevents skeletal muscle atrophy and enhances resistance to fatigue in orchidectomized male mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E506 - E516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Aksglaede, A. Juul, H. Leffers, N. E. Skakkebaek, and A.-M. Andersson The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens Hum. Reprod. Update, July 1, 2006; 12(4): 341 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, and C. Y. Bowers Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood, and the Puberty-Adult Transition Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2006; 27(2): 101 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Claahsen-van der Grinten, K. Noordam, G. F. Borm, and B. J. Otten Absence of Increased Height Velocity in the First Year of Life in Untreated Children with Simple Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1205 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, D. Erickson, K. Mielke, L. S. Farhy, D. M. Keenan, and C. Y. Bowers Distinctive Inhibitory Mechanisms of Age and Relative Visceral Adiposity on Growth Hormone Secretion in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women Studied under a Hypogonadal Clamp J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6006 - 6013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D Veldhuis, D. M Keenan, K. Mielke, J. M Miles, and C. Y Bowers Testosterone supplementation in healthy older men drives GH and IGF-I secretion without potentiating peptidyl secretagogue efficacy Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2005; 153(4): 577 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yonezawa, K. Mogi, J. Y. Li, R. Sako, K. Yamanouchi, and M. Nishihara Modulation of Growth Hormone Pulsatility by Sex Steroids in Female Goats Endocrinology, June 1, 2005; 146(6): 2736 - 2743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, J. Frystyk, A. Iranmanesh, and H. Orskov Testosterone and Estradiol Regulate Free Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), IGF Binding Protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and Dimeric IGF-I/IGFBP-1 Concentrations J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2941 - 2947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. Darzy, S. S. Pezzoli, M. O. Thorner, and S. M. Shalet The Dynamics of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion in Adult Cancer Survivors with Severe GH Deficiency Acquired after Brain Irradiation in Childhood for Nonpituitary Brain Tumors: Evidence for Preserved Pulsatility and Diurnal Variation with Increased Secretory Disorderliness J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2794 - 2803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Erickson, D. M. Keenan, L. Farhy, K. Mielke, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Determinants of Dual Secretagogue Drive of Burst-Like Growth Hormone Secretion in Premenopausal Women Studied under a Selective Estradiol Clamp J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1741 - 1751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, A. D. Rogol, J. C. Lovejoy, M. Sheffield-Moore, N. Mauras, and C. Y. Bowers Endocrine Control of Body Composition in Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2005; 26(1): 114 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-C. Leung, G. Johannsson, G. M. Leong, and K. K. Y. Ho Estrogen Regulation of Growth Hormone Action Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2004; 25(5): 693 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Erickson, D. M. Keenan, K. Mielke, K. Bradford, C. Y. Bowers, J. M. Miles, and J. D. Veldhuis Dual Secretagogue Drive of Burst-Like Growth Hormone Secretion in Postmenopausal Compared with Premenopausal Women Studied under an Experimental Estradiol Clamp J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4746 - 4754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Orrego, E. Dimaraki, K. Symons, and A. L. Barkan Physiological Testosterone Replenishment in Healthy Elderly Men Does Not Normalize Pituitary Growth Hormone Output: Evidence against the Connection between Senile Hypogonadism and Somatopause J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3255 - 3260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Schurgin, S. Dolan, A. Perlstein, M. P. Sullivan, N. Aliabadi, and S. Grinspoon Effects of Testosterone Administration on Growth Hormone Pulse Dynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3290 - 3297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Racine, K. V. Symons, C. M. Foster, and A. L. Barkan Augmentation of Growth Hormone Secretion after Testosterone Treatment in Boys with Constitutional Delay of Growth and Adolescence: Evidence against an Increase in Hypothalamic Secretion of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3326 - 3331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Y. Bowers, R. Granda, S. Mohan, J. Kuipers, D. Baylink, and J. D. Veldhuis Sustained Elevation of Pulsatile Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), IGF-Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and IGFBP-5 Concentrations during 30-Day Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion of GH-Releasing Peptide-2 in Older Men and Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2290 - 2300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, W. S. Evans, A. Iranmanesh, A. L. Weltman, and C. Y. Bowers Short-Term Testosterone Supplementation Relieves Growth Hormone Autonegative Feedback in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2004; 89(3): 1285 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Anderson, J. T. Patrie, and C. Y. Bowers Estradiol Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women Doubles Rebound-Like Release of Growth Hormone (GH) Triggered by Sequential Infusion and Withdrawal of Somatostatin: Evidence that Estrogen Facilitates Endogenous GH-Releasing Hormone Drive J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Richmond, A. D. Rogol, D. Basdemir, O. L. Veldhuis, W. Clarke, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Accelerated Escape from GH Autonegative Feedback in Midpuberty in Males: Evidence for Time-Delimited GH-Induced Somatostatinergic Outflow in Adolescent Boys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2002; 87(8): 3837 - 3844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. L. Riggs, S. Khosla, and L. J. Melton III Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2002; 23(3): 279 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Rochira, A. Balestrieri, M. Faustini-Fustini, S. Borgato, P. Beck-Peccoz, and C. Carani Pituitary Function in a Man with Congenital Aromatase Deficiency: Effect of Different Doses of Transdermal E2 on Basal and Stimulated Pituitary Hormones J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2857 - 2862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Svensson, J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson Increased Orderliness of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion in GH-Deficient Adults with Low Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2863 - 2869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gentili, T. Mulligan, M. Godschalk, J. Clore, J. Patrie, A. Iranmanesh, and J. D. Veldhuis Unequal Impact of Short-Term Testosterone Repletion on the Somatotropic Axis of Young and Older Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 825 - 834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, W. S. Evans, and C. Y. Bowers Impact of Estradiol Supplementation on Dual Peptidyl Drive of GH Secretion in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 859 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Clarke, L. Moore, and J. Veldhuis Intensive Direct Cavernous Sinus Sampling Identifies High-Frequency, Nearly Random Patterns of FSH Secretion in Ovariectomized Ewes: Combined Appraisal by RIA and Bioassay Endocrinology, January 1, 2002; 143(1): 117 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Coutant, F. Boux de Casson, S. Rouleau, O. Douay, E. Mathieu, M. Audran, and J. M. Limal Body Composition, Fasting Leptin, and Sex Steroid Administration Determine GH Sensitivity in Peripubertal Short Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5805 - 5812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Anderson, L. Wideman, J. T. Patrie, A. Weltman, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis E2 Supplementation Selectively Relieves GH's Autonegative Feedback on GH-Releasing Peptide-2-Stimulated GH Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5904 - 5911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Veldhuis, M. L. Johnson, O. L. Veldhuis, M. Straume, and S. M. Pincus Impact of pulsatility on the ensemble orderliness (approximate entropy) of neurohormone secretion Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): R1975 - R1985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, D. Naftolowitz, N. Tatham, F. Cassidy, and B. J. Carroll Corticotropin Secretory Dynamics in Humans under Low Glucocorticoid Feedback J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5554 - 5563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Saad, B. S. Keenan, K. Danadian, V. D. Lewy, and S. A. Arslanian Dihydrotestosterone Treatment in Adolescents with Delayed Puberty: Does it Explain Insulin Resistance of Puberty? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4881 - 4886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Pincus, M. C. Garcia-Rudaz, M. G. Ropelato, M. E. Escobar, and M. Barontini Disruption of the Synchronous Secretion of Leptin, LH, and Ovarian Androgens in Nonobese Adolescents with the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3772 - 3778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Bray, T. M. Vick, N. Shah, S. M. Anderson, L. W. Rice, A. Iranmanesh, W. S. Evans, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Estradiol Replacement in Postmenopausal Women Selectively Mutes Somatostatin's Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Fasting Growth Hormone Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3143 - 3149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, M. Straume, A. Iranmanesh, T. Mulligan, C. Jaffe, A. Barkan, M. L. Johnson, and S. Pincus Secretory process regularity monitors neuroendocrine feedback and feedforward signaling strength in humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): R721 - R729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Anderson, N. Shah, W. S. Evans, J. T. Patrie, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Estradiol Supplementation Augments Growth Hormone (GH) Secretory Responsiveness to Dose-Varying GH-Releasing Peptide Infusions in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 551 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Evans, S. M. Anderson, L. T. Hull, P. P. Azimi, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Continuous 24-Hour Intravenous Infusion of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone-(1-44)-Amide Augments Pulsatile, Entropic, and Daily Rhythmic GH Secretion in Postmenopausal Women Equally in the Estrogen-Withdrawn and Estrogen-Supplemented States J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 700 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Pincus, M. C. Garcia-Rudaz, M. G. Ropelato, M. E. Escobar, and M. Barontini Disruption of the Joint Synchrony of Luteinizing Hormone, Testosterone, and Androstenedione Secretion in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2001; 86(1): 72 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Pincus, R. Mitamura, K. Yano, N. Suzuki, Y. Ito, Y. Makita, and A. Okuno Developmentally Delimited Emergence of More Orderly Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Secretion during Late Prepuberty in Boys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2001; 86(1): 80 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. MartÍnez, H. M. Domené, M. G. Ropelato, H. G. Jasper, P. A. Pennisi, M. E. Escobar, and J. J. Heinrich Estrogen Priming Effect on Growth Hormone (GH) Provocative Test: A Useful Tool for the Diagnosis of GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2000; 85(11): 4168 - 4172. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mauras, K. M. Attie, E. O. Reiter, P. Saenger, and J. Baptista the Genentech Inc. Cooperative Study Grou High Dose Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment of GH-Deficient Patients in Puberty Increases Near-Final Height: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3653 - 3660. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Wideman, J. Y. Weltman, J. T. Patrie, C. Y. Bowers, N. Shah, S. Story, A. Weltman, and J. D. Veldhuis Synergy of L-arginine and growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide-2 on GH release: influence of gender Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2000; 279(4): R1455 - R1466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shah, W. S. Evans, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Oral Estradiol Administration Modulates Continuous Intravenous Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Peptide-2-Driven GH Secretion in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2649 - 2659. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Pincus, J. D. Veldhuis, and A. D. Rogol Longitudinal changes in growth hormone secretory process irregularity assessed transpubertally in healthy boys Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2000; 279(2): E417 - E424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mauras, K. O. O’Brien, K. O. Klein, and V. Hayes Estrogen Suppression in Males: Metabolic Effects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2000; 85(7): 2370 - 2377. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, and A. D. Rogol Gender and Sexual Maturation-Dependent Contrasts in the Neuroregulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Prepubertal and Late Adolescent Males and Females--A General Clinical Research Center-Based Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2000; 85(7): 2385 - 2394. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bergendahl, A. Iranmanesh, T. Mulligan, and J. D. Veldhuis Impact of Age on Cortisol Secretory Dynamics Basally and as Driven by Nutrient-Withdrawal Stress J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2000; 85(6): 2203 - 2214. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Van den Berghe, R. C. Baxter, F. Weekers, P. Wouters, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis A Paradoxical Gender Dissociation within the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Axis during Protracted Critical Illness J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 183 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Van Wyk Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Skeletal Growth: Possibilities for Therapeutic Interventions J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1999; 84(12): 4349 - 4354. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. Hindmarsh, E. Dennison, S. M. Pincus, C. Cooper, C. H. D. Fall, D. R. Matthews, P. J. Pringle, and C. G. D. Brook A Sexually Dimorphic Pattern of Growth Hormone Secretion in the Elderly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2679 - 2685. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Støving, J. D. Veldhuis, A. Flyvbjerg, J. Vinten, J. Hangaard, O. G. Koldkjær, J. Kristiansen, and C. Hagen Jointly Amplified Basal and Pulsatile Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion and Increased Process Irregularity in Women with Anorexia Nervosa: Indirect Evidence for Disruption of Feedback Regulation within the GH-Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Axis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 2056 - 2063. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shah, W. S. Evans, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Tripartite Neuroendocrine Activation of the Human Growth Hormone (GH) Axis in Women by Continuous 24-Hour GH-Releasing Peptide Infusion: Pulsatile, Entropic, and Nyctohemeral Mechanisms J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 2140 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Shah, W. S. Evans, and J. D. Veldhuis Actions of estrogen on pulsatile, nyctohemeral, and entropic modes of growth hormone secretion Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 1999; 276(5): R1351 - R1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Muller, V. Locatelli, and D. Cocchi Neuroendocrine Control of Growth Hormone Secretion Physiol Rev, April 1, 1999; 79(2): 511 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bergendahl, W. S. Evans, C. Pastor, A. Patel, A. Iranmanesh, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Fasting Suppresses Leptin and (Conversely) Activates Disorderly Growth Hormone Secretion in Midluteal Phase Women--A Clinical Research Center Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 1999; 84(3): 883 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Giustina and J. D. Veldhuis Pathophysiology of the Neuroregulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Experimental Animals and the Human Endocr. Rev., December 1, 1998; 19(6): 717 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
