This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Janssen, Y. J. H. Articles by Roelfsema, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Janssen, Y. J. H. Articles by Roelfsema, F.

Using Dilution Techniques and Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance to Assess Both Total Body Water and Extracellular Water at Baseline and During Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in GH-Deficient Adults¹

Department of Endocrinology (Y.J., F.R.), Leiden University Hospital, Leiden; and Department of Human Nutrition (P.D.), Wageningen Agriculture University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Eq 100-i (including impedance index at 100 kHz): TBW (L) = (0.51 x impedance index at 100 kHz)
¹ 6.3,
Eq 100-iwag (including impedance index, weight, age, and gender): TBW (L) = (0.35 x impedance index at 100 kHz)
² (0.17 x weight) - (0.11 x age)
³ (2.66 x gender)
⁴ 7.7,
iEq 1-i (including impedance index at 1 kHz): ECW (L) = (0.24 x impedance index at 1 kHz)
⁵ 4.1.,
Eq 1-iwa (including impedance index, weight, and age): ECW (L) = (0.20 x impedance index at 1 kHz)
⁶ (0.07 x weight) - (0.02 x age)
⁷ 2.3

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. F. Roelfsema, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Hospital, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 AA Leiden, The Netherlands.

Due to the use of various, and mostly indirect, methods to estimate total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW), there is no agreement about whether body water distribution, i.e. the ECW to TBW ratio, is normal in GH-deficient (GHD) subjects at baseline and during recombinant human GH (rhGH) treatment. We studied body water distribution in 14 patients with adult-onset GHD and in 28 healthy controls. We also investigated the effect of GH replacement therapy for 4 and 52 weeks on body water distribution. All patients started with a dose of 0.6 IU rhGH/day for the first 4 weeks. After 52 weeks, the dose varied between 0.6–1.8 IU/day. TBW and ECW were measured by dilution of deuterium and bromide, respectively. Both parameters were also estimated using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA).

Patients with GHD had significantly lower ECW and TBW than healthy controls. In addition, the ECW to TBW ratio was significantly lower in GHD patients than in healthy controls. Four weeks of GH treatment significantly increased body weight, TBW, ECW, and ECW/TBW. A further increase in TBW, but not ECW, was found after 52 weeks of treatment. The mean increases in TBW and ECW from the baselines were 2.5 ± 0.3 and 2.0 ± 0.3 L, respectively.

The correlation coefficient and the estimated reliability between measured and estimated TBW and ECW at any time point were all high (>0.91 and >0.95, respectively). In general, both ECW and TBW were overestimated by multifrequency BIA in GHD adults. During treatment, the overestimation of both ECW and TBW diminished. The estimation error was correlated with the level of the body water compartment and the ratio of ECW to TBW. The estimated change in ECW with rhGH treatment was underestimated by multifrequency BIA.

We conclude that GHD adults have lower ECW and TBW and a lower ECW to TBW ratio, as measured by dilution techniques. The ECW to TBW ratio can be normalized within 4 weeks of rhGH treatment at a dose of 0.6 IU/day. Finally, we conclude that multifrequency impedance measurements do not give valid estimates of body water compartments in the follow-up of patients with GHD.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. Koranyi, I. Bosaeus, M. Alpsten, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson Body composition during GH replacement in adults - methodological variations with respect to gender. Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 154(4): 545 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A Kaysen, F. Zhu, S. Sarkar, S. B Heymsfield, J. Wong, C. Kaitwatcharachai, M. K Kuhlmann, and N. W Levin Estimation of total-body and limb muscle mass in hemodialysis patients by using multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2005; 82(5): 988 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Mukherjee, J. E Adams, L. Smethurst, and S. M Shalet Interdependence of lean body mass and total body water, but not quality of life measures, during low dose GH replacement in GH-deficient adults Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 153(5): 661 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Johannsson, J. Gibney, T. Wolthers, K.-C. Leung, and K. K. Y. Ho Independent and Combined Effects of Testosterone and Growth Hormone on Extracellular Water in Hypopituitary Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3989 - 3994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, A. D. Rogol, J. C. Lovejoy, M. Sheffield-Moore, N. Mauras, and C. Y. Bowers Endocrine Control of Body Composition in Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2005; 26(1): 114 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Buchholz, C. Bartok, and D. A. Schoeller The Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Models in Clinical Populations Nutr Clin Pract, October 1, 2004; 19(5): 433 - 446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. J. H. Janssen, F. Helmerhorst, M. Frölich, and F. Roelfsema A Switch from Oral (2 mg/Day) to Transdermal (50 {micro}g/Day) 17{beta}-Estradiol Therapy Increases Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Levels in Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH)-Substituted Women with GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 464 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. J Ellis, R. J Shypailo, and W. W Wong Measurement of body water by multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in a multiethnic pediatric population Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 1999; 70(5): 847 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Giustina and J. D. Veldhuis Pathophysiology of the Neuroregulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Experimental Animals and the Human Endocr. Rev., December 1, 1998; 19(6): 717 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. J. Ellis and W. W. Wong Human hydrometry: comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with 2H2O and bromine dilution J Appl Physiol, September 1, 1998; 85(3): 1056 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]