Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol 81, 3424-3427, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Effects of gender, body composition, and menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin

M Rosenbaum, M Nicolson, J Hirsch, SB Heymsfield, D Gallagher, F Chu and RL Leibel
Laboratory of Human Behavior and Metabolism, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Circulating concentrations of leptin ([leptin]) vary directly with body mass index and percentage body fat, and may thus constitute an afferent limb of a system regulating body fatness. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) Plasma [leptin] vary more directly with absolute fat mass than with fractional body fatness per se: and 2). The relationship between fat mass and [leptin] is significantly affected by gender and by menopausal status. [Leptin] in the post-absorptive state was examined in 67 subjects (26 male, 20 premenopausal female, 21 postmenopausal females; 43 never-obese, 24 obese) at usual body weight. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, and [leptin] was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay. In male and pre-menopausal female subjects, subcutaneous adipose tissue aspirations were performed for determination of adipocyte volume by the osmium fixation method, and a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance tests was performed. At usual body weight, ([leptin]) was better correlated with absolute fat mass than with body mass index (BMI) or percentage body fat. BMI and % body fat did not account for any of the variance in [leptin] beyond that attributable to FM, per se. The regression equations relating FM to [leptin] did not differ significantly between obese and never-obese subjects. [Leptin] and fasting serum insulin concentrations were significantly correlated in males only. [Leptin] was significantly higher in pre- and post-menopausal females compared to males, even when [leptin] was corrected for differences in body composition (pre- menopausal females > post-menopausal females > males). While plasma [leptin], corrected for FM, declines significantly in women post- menopause, this decline is not sufficient to account for the striking sexual dimorphism in the relationship of leptin to fat mass. This sexual dimorphism is apparently also due, in part, to a suppressive effect of circulating androgens on [leptin].

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T. S. Perrot-Sinal Do These Genes Make Me Look Fat? Endocrinology, March 1, 2009; 150(3): 1075 - 1077. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Ma, M. F. Feitosa, J. B. Wilk, J. M. Laramie, K. Yu, C. Leiendecker-Foster, R. H. Myers, M. A. Province, and I. B. Borecki Leptin Is Associated With Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Women From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Hypertension, March 1, 2009; 53(3): 473 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Ingelsson, M. G. Larson, X. Yin, T. J. Wang, J. B. Meigs, I. Lipinska, E. J. Benjamin, J. F. Keaney Jr., and R. S. Vasan Circulating Ghrelin, Leptin, and Soluble Leptin Receptor Concentrations and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a Community-Based Sample J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2008; 93(8): 3149 - 3157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Shi, A. D. Strader, S. C. Woods, and R. J. Seeley Sexually dimorphic responses to fat loss after caloric restriction or surgical lipectomy Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E316 - E326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E Ruhl, T. B Harris, J. Ding, B. H Goodpaster, A. M Kanaya, S. B Kritchevsky, E. M Simonsick, F. A Tylavsky, J. E Everhart, and for the Health ABC Study Body mass index and serum leptin concentration independently estimate percentage body fat in older adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 1121 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. K. Phan, W. K. Chung, and R. L. Leibel The mahoganoid mutation (Mgrn1md) improves insulin sensitivity in mice with mutations in the melanocortin signaling pathway independently of effects on adiposity Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E611 - E620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M J Kim, M Maachi, C Debard, E Loizon, K Clement, E Bruckert, B Hainque, J Capeau, H Vidal, and J P Bastard Increased adiponectin receptor-1 expression in adipose tissue of impaired glucose-tolerant obese subjects during weight loss. Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 155(1): 161 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L Downs and H. F Urbanski Aging-related sex-dependent loss of the circulating leptin 24-h rhythm in the rhesus monkey. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 117 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A Sood, E S Ford, and C A Camargo Jr Association between leptin and asthma in adults Thorax, April 1, 2006; 61(4): 300 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Tatsumi, Y. Kasahara, K. Kurosu, N. Tanabe, Y. Takiguchi, and T. Kuriyama Sleep Oxygen Desaturation and Circulating Leptin in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Chest, March 1, 2005; 127(3): 716 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Shimura, K. Tatsumi, A. Nakamura, Y. Kasahara, N. Tanabe, Y. Takiguchi, and T. Kuriyama Fat Accumulation, Leptin, and Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Chest, February 1, 2005; 127(2): 543 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Korner, M. Bessler, L. J. Cirilo, I. M. Conwell, A. Daud, N. L. Restuccia, and S. L. Wardlaw Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Fasting and Postprandial Concentrations of Plasma Ghrelin, Peptide YY, and Insulin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2005; 90(1): 359 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Desai, D. Gayle, J. Babu, and M. G. Ross Programmed obesity in intrauterine growth-restricted newborns: modulation by newborn nutrition Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): R91 - R96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. B. Kaelin, A. W. Xu, X.-Y. Lu, and G. S. Barsh Transcriptional Regulation of Agouti-Related Protein (Agrp) in Transgenic Mice Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5798 - 5806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E Ruhl, J. E Everhart, J. Ding, B. H Goodpaster, A. M Kanaya, E. M Simonsick, F. A Tylavsky, and T. B Harris Serum leptin concentrations and body adipose measures in older black and white adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 576 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Arvidsson, N. Viguerie, I. Andersson, C. Verdich, D. Langin, and P. Arner Effects of Different Hypocaloric Diets on Protein Secretion From Adipose Tissue of Obese Women Diabetes, August 1, 2004; 53(8): 1966 - 1971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-Y. Guo, P. Halo, R. L. Leibel, and Y. Zhang Effects of obesity on the relationship of leptin mRNA expression and adipocyte size in anatomically distinct fat depots in mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): R112 - R119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. L. Wong, A. M. DePaoli, J. H. Lee, and C. S. Mantzoros Leptin Hormonal Kinetics in the Fed State: Effects of Adiposity, Age, and Gender on Endogenous Leptin Production and Clearance Rates J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2672 - 2677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Woods, K. Gotoh, and D. J. Clegg Gender Differences in the Control of Energy Homeostasis Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2003; 228(10): 1175 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Shore, Y. M. Rivera-Sanchez, I. N. Schwartzman, and R. A. Johnston Responses to ozone are increased in obese mice J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2003; 95(3): 938 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Fan, M. W. Bradbury, and P. D. Berk Leptin and Insulin Modulate Nutrient Partitioning and Weight Loss in ob/ob Mice through Regulation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Uptake by Adipocytes J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2707 - 2715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I.A. Harsch, P.C. Konturek, C. Koebnick, P.P. Kuehnlein, F.S. Fuchs, S. Pour Schahin, G.H. Wiest, E.G. Hahn, T. Lohmann, and J.H. Ficker Leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: effect of CPAP treatment Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2003; 22(2): 251 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Catalano, S. Marsico, C. Giordano, L. Mauro, P. Rizza, M. L. Panno, and S. Ando Leptin Enhances, via AP-1, Expression of Aromatase in the MCF-7 Cell Line J. Biol. Chem., August 1, 2003; 278(31): 28668 - 28676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. R. Mann, A. O. K. Johnson, T. Gimpel, and V. D. Castracane Changes in Circulating Leptin, Leptin Receptor, and Gonadal Hormones from Infancy until Advanced Age in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3339 - 3345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Kitabchi and G. E. Umpierrez Changes in Serum Leptin in Lean and Obese Subjects with Acute Hyperglycemic Crises J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2593 - 2596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. I. Sivitz, S. M. Wayson, M. L. Bayless, L. F. Larson, C. Sinkey, R. S. Bar, and W. G. Haynes Leptin and Body Fat in Type 2 Diabetes and Monodrug Therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1543 - 1553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. D. Kriketos, S. M. Furler, S. K. Gan, A. M. Poynten, D. J. Chisholm, and L. V. Campbell Multiple Indexes of Lipid Availability Are Independently Related to Whole Body Insulin Action in Healthy Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 793 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saaresranta, K. Irjala, and O. Polo Effect of medroxyprogesterone on arterial blood gases, leptin and neuropeptide Y in postmenopausal females Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2002; 20(6): 1413 - 1418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saaresranta and O. Polo Hormones and Breathing Chest, December 1, 2002; 122(6): 2165 - 2182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Schafer, D. Pauleit, T. Sudhop, I. Gouni-Berthold, S. Ewig, and H. K. Berthold Body Fat Distribution, Serum Leptin, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men With Obstructive Sleep Apnea* Chest, September 1, 2002; 122(3): 829 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Nishizawa, I. Shimomura, K. Kishida, N. Maeda, H. Kuriyama, H. Nagaretani, M. Matsuda, H. Kondo, N. Furuyama, S. Kihara, et al. Androgens Decrease Plasma Adiponectin, an Insulin-Sensitizing Adipocyte-Derived Protein Diabetes, September 1, 2002; 51(9): 2734 - 2741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. C McCowen, P. R. Ling, C. Friel, J. Sternberg, R A. Forse, P. A Burke, and B. R Bistrian Patterns of plasma leptin and insulin concentrations in hospitalized patients after the initiation of total parenteral nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2002; 75(5): 931 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Tomlinson, L. Fu, L. John, B. Hultgren, X. Huang, M. Renz, J. P. Stephan, S. P. Tsai, L. Powell-Braxton, D. French, et al. Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-19 Display Increased Metabolic Rate and Decreased Adiposity Endocrinology, May 1, 2002; 143(5): 1741 - 1747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K Shimizu, K Chin, T Nakamura, H Masuzaki, Y Ogawa, R Hosokawa, A Niimi, N Hattori, R Nohara, S Sasayama, et al. Plasma leptin levels and cardiac sympathetic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome Thorax, May 1, 2002; 57(5): 429 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Matson, D. F. Reid, and R. C. Ritter Daily CCK injection enhances reduction of body weight by chronic intracerebroventricular leptin infusion Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): R1368 - R1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Marzullo, C. Buckway, K. L. Pratt, A. Colao, J. Guevara-Aguirre, and R. G. Rosenfeld Leptin Concentrations in GH Deficiency: The Effect of GH Insensitivity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 540 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Zhang, K.-Y. Guo, P. A. Diaz, M. Heo, and R. L. Leibel Determinants of leptin gene expression in fat depots of lean mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): R226 - R234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. E. Messinis, I. Papageorgiou, S. Milingos, E. Asprodini, G. Kollios, and K. Seferiadis Oestradiol plus progesterone treatment increases serum leptin concentrations in normal women Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2001; 16(9): 1827 - 1832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Laivuori, H.A. Koistinen, S.-L. Karonen, B. Cacciatore, and O. Ylikorkala Comparison between 1 year oral and transdermal oestradiol and sequential norethisterone acetate on circulating concentrations of leptin in postmenopausal women Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2001; 16(8): 1632 - 1635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Stattin, S. Söderberg, G. Hallmans, A. Bylund, R. Kaaks, U.-H. Stenman, A. Bergh, and T. Olsson Leptin Is Associated with Increased Prostate Cancer Risk: A Nested Case-Referent Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1341 - 1345. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. ZHANG, C. HUFNAGEL, S. EIDEN, K.-Y. GUO, P. A. DIAZ, R. L. LEIBEL, and I. SCHMIDT Mechanisms for LEPR-mediated regulation of leptin expression in brown and white adipocytes in rat pups Physiol Genomics, January 19, 2001; 4(3): 189 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Nagatani, Y. Zeng, D. H. Keisler, D. L. Foster, and C. A. Jaffe Leptin Regulates Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone and Growth Hormone Secretion in the Sheep Endocrinology, November 1, 2000; 141(11): 3965 - 3975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. F. Gariano, A. K. Nath, D. J. D’Amico, T. Lee, and M. R. Sierra–Honigmann Elevation of Vitreous Leptin in Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinal Detachment Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., October 1, 2000; 41(11): 3576 - 3581. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. W. Nickola, L. E. Wold, P. B. Colligan, G.-J. Wang, W. K. Samson, and J. Ren Leptin Attenuates Cardiac Contraction in Rat Ventricular Myocytes : Role of NO Hypertension, October 1, 2000; 36(4): 501 - 505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. M. Ip, K. S. L. Lam, C.-m. Ho, K. W. T. Tsang, and W.-k. Lam Serum Leptin and Vascular Risk Factors in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Chest, September 1, 2000; 118(3): 580 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. B. HORLICK, M. ROSENBAUM, M. NICOLSON, L. S. LEVINE, B. FEDUN, J. WANG, R. N. PIERSON Jr., and R. L. LEIBEL Effect of Puberty on the Relationship between Circulating Leptin and Body Composition J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2000; 85(7): 2509 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. Kronfeld-Schor, J. Zhao, B. A. Silvia, E. Bicer, P. T. Mathews, R. Urban, S. Zimmerman, T. H. Kunz, and E. P. Widmaier Steroid-Dependent Up-Regulation of Adipose Leptin Secretion In Vitro During Pregnancy in Mice Biol Reprod, July 1, 2000; 63(1): 274 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				F. S. L. Thong, C. McLean, and T. E. Graham Plasma leptin in female athletes: relationship with body fat, reproductive, nutritional, and endocrine factors J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2000; 88(6): 2037 - 2044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rosenbaum, J. Hirsch, E. Murphy, and R. L Leibel Effects of changes in body weight on carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine excretion, and thyroid function Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1421 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Isidori, F. Strollo, M. Morè, M. Caprio, A. Aversa, C. Moretti, G. Frajese, G. Riondino, and A. Fabbri Leptin and Aging: Correlation with Endocrine Changes in Male and Female Healthy Adult Populations of Different Body Weights J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2000; 85(5): 1954 - 1962. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. S. Buchowski, L. A. Simmons, K. Y. Chen, P. J. Flakoll, B. G. Mellen, and E. A. Turner Plasma Leptin Association with Body Composition and Energy Expenditure in Sickle Cell Disease J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2000; 19(2): 228 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Krssak, K. F. Petersen, R. Bergeron, T. Price, D. Laurent, D. L. Rothman, M. Roden, and G. I. Shulman Intramuscular Glycogen and Intramyocellular Lipid Utilization during Prolonged Exercise and Recovery in Man: A 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2000; 85(2): 748 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. R. Mann, M. A. Akinbami, K. G. Gould, and V. D. Castracane A Longitudinal Study of Leptin During Development in the Male Rhesus Monkey: The Effect of Body Composition and Season on Circulating Leptin Levels Biol Reprod, February 1, 2000; 62(2): 285 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. S. Damjanovic, M. S. Petakov, D. Micic, J. Marinkovic, C. Dieguez, F. F. Casanueva, and V. Popovic Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Acromegaly before and after Correction of Hypersomatotropism by Trans-Sphenoidal Surgery J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 147 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Caprio, A. M. Isidori, A. R. Carta, C. Moretti, M. L. Dufau, and A. Fabbri Expression of Functional Leptin Receptors in Rodent Leydig Cells Endocrinology, November 1, 1999; 140(11): 4939 - 4947. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Paolisso, M. R. Tagliamonte, M. Galderisi, G. A. Zito, A. Petrocelli, C. Carella, O. de Divitiis, and M. Varricchio Plasma Leptin Level Is Associated With Myocardial Wall Thickness in Hypertensive Insulin-Resistant Men Hypertension, November 1, 1999; 34(5): 1047 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Fors, H. Matsuoka, I. Bosaeus, S. Rosberg, K. A. Wikland, and R. Bjarnason Serum Leptin Levels Correlate with Growth Hormone Secretion and Body Fat in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3586 - 3590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Isidori, M. Caprio, F. Strollo, C. Moretti, G. Frajese, A. Isidori, and A. Fabbri Leptin and Androgens in Male Obesity: Evidence for Leptin Contribution to Reduced Androgen Levels J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3673 - 3680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. O'Doherty, P. R. Anderson, A. Z. Zhao, K. E. Bornfeldt, and C. B. Newgard Sparing effect of leptin on liver glycogen stores in rats during the fed-to-fasted transition Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 1999; 277(3): E544 - E550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Wiesner, M. Vaz, G. Collier, D. Seals, D. Kaye, G. Jennings, G. Lambert, D. Wilkinson, and M. Esler Leptin Is Released from the Human Brain: Influence of Adiposity and Gender J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1999; 84(7): 2270 - 2274. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Rosenbaum and R. L. Leibel Role of Gonadal Steroids in the Sexual Dimorphisms in Body Composition and Circulating Concentrations of Leptin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 1784 - 1789. [Full Text]

				T. Sir-Petermann, V. Piwonka, F. Perez, M. Maliqueo, S.E. Recabarren, and L. Wildt Are circulating leptin and luteinizing hormone synchronized in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome? Hum. Reprod., June 1, 1999; 14(6): 1435 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Pelleymounter, M. B. Baker, and M. McCaleb Does estradiol mediate leptin's effects on adiposity and body weight? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 1999; 276(5): E955 - E963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Tarquini, R. Tarquini, F. Perfetto, G. Cornélissen, and F. Halberg Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Cord Blood Leptin Concentration Pediatrics, May 1, 1999; 103(5): 998 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. S. Mantzoros The Role of Leptin in Human Obesity and Disease: A Review of Current Evidence Ann Intern Med, April 20, 1999; 130(8): 671 - 680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Machinal, M.-N. Dieudonne, M.-C. Leneveu, R. Pecquery, and Y. Giudicelli In Vivo and in Vitro ob Gene Expression and Leptin Secretion in Rat Adipocytes: Evidence for a Regional Specific Regulation by Sex Steroid Hormones Endocrinology, April 1, 1999; 140(4): 1567 - 1574. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Magni, R. Vettor, C. Pagano, A. Calcagno, E. Beretta, E. Messi, M. Zanisi, L. Martini, and M. Motta Expression of a Leptin Receptor in Immortalized Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Secreting Neurons Endocrinology, April 1, 1999; 140(4): 1581 - 1585. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. Gutin, L. Ramsey, P. Barbeau, W. Cannady, M. Ferguson, M. Litaker, and S. Owens Plasma leptin concentrations in obese children: changes during 4-mo periods with and without physical training Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 1999; 69(3): 388 - 394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Licinio, A. B. Negrão, C. Mantzoros, V. Kaklamani, M.-L. Wong, P. B. Bongiorno, P. P. Negro, A. Mulla, J. D. Veldhuis, L. Cearnal, et al. Sex Differences in Circulating Human Leptin Pulse Amplitude: Clinical Implications J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1998; 83(11): 4140 - 4147. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. W. Wong, M. Nicolson, J. E. Stuff, N. F. Butte, K. J. Ellis, A. C. Hergenroeder, R. B. Hill, and E. O. Smith Serum Leptin Concentrations in Caucasian and African-American Girls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1998; 83(10): 3574 - 3577. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. A. Pelleymounter, M. J. Cullen, D. Healy, R. Hecht, D. Winters, and M. McCaleb Efficacy of exogenous recombinant murine leptin in lean and obese 10- to 12-mo-old female CD-1 mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 1998; 275(4): R950 - R959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Luukkaa, U. Pesonen, I. Huhtaniemi, A. Lehtonen, R. Tilvis, J. Tuomilehto, M. Koulu, and R. Huupponen Inverse Correlation between Serum Testosterone and Leptin in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3243 - 3246. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. R. Palmert, S. Radovick, and P. A. Boepple Leptin Levels in Children with Central Precocious Puberty J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2260 - 2265. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. A. Eckel, W. Langhans, A. Kahler, L. A. Campfield, F. J. Smith, and N. Geary Chronic administration of OB protein decreases food intake by selectively reducing meal size in female rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 1998; 275(1): R186 - R193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Llopis, M. L. Granada, G. Cuatrecasas, X. Formiguera, L. Sánchez-Planell, A. SanmartÍ, A. Alastrué, M. Rull, A. Corominas, and M. Foz Growth Hormone-Binding Protein Directly Depends on Serum Leptin Levels in Adults with Different Nutritional Status J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1998; 83(6): 2006 - 2011. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				X. Casabiell, V. Piñeiro, R. Peino, M. Lage, J. Camiña, R. Gallego, L. G. Vallejo, C. Dieguez, and F. F. Casanueva Gender Differences in Both Spontaneous and Stimulated Leptin Secretion by Human Omental Adipose Tissue in Vitro: Dexamethasone and Estradiol Stimulate Leptin Release in Women, But Not in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1998; 83(6): 2149 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. C. Woods, R. J. Seeley, D. Porte Jr., and M. W. Schwartz Signals That Regulate Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis Science, May 29, 1998; 280(5368): 1378 - 1383. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. R. Palmert, S. Radovick, and P. A. Boepple The Impact of Reversible Gonadal Sex Steroid Suppression on Serum Leptin Concentrations in Children with Central Precocious Puberty J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1091 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. K. Chung, K. Belfi, M. Chua, J. Wiley, R. Mackintosh, M. Nicolson, C. N. Boozer, and R. L. Leibel Heterozygosity for Lepob or Leprdb affects body composition and leptin homeostasis in adult mice Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): R985 - R990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Landt, R. L. Gingerich, P. J. Havel, W. M. Mueller, B. Schoner, J. E. Hale, and M. L. Heiman Radioimmunoassay of rat leptin: sexual dimorphism reversed from humans Clin. Chem., March 1, 1998; 44(3): 565 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. B. Helland, J. E. Reseland, O. D. Saugstad, and C. A. Drevon Leptin Levels in Pregnant Women and Newborn Infants: Gender Differences and Reduction During the Neonatal Period Pediatrics, March 1, 1998; 101 (3): e12 - e12. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rosenbaum and R. L. Leibel The Physiology of Body Weight Regulation: Relevance to the Etiology of Obesity in Children Pediatrics, March 1, 1998; 101(3): 525 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. Saad, M. G. Riad-Gabriel, A. Khan, A. Sharma, R. Michael, S. D. Jinagouda, R. Boyadjian, and G. M. Steil Diurnal and Ultradian Rhythmicity of Plasma Leptin: Effects of Gender and Adiposity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1998; 83(2): 453 - 459. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. A. Wadden, R. V. Considine, G. D. Foster, D. A. Anderson, D. B. Sarwer, and J. S. Caro Short- and Long-Term Changes in Serum Leptin in Dieting Obese Women: Effects of Caloric Restriction and Weight Loss J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 1998; 83(1): 214 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. L. Leibel, W. K. Chung, and S. C. Chua Jr. The Molecular Genetics of Rodent Single Gene Obesities J. Biol. Chem., December 19, 1997; 272(51): 31937 - 31940. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rosenbaum, M. Nicolson, J. Hirsch, E. Murphy, F. Chu, and R. L. Leibel Effects of Weight Change on Plasma Leptin Concentrations and Energy Expenditure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1997; 82(11): 3647 - 3654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Carlsson, C. Ankarberg, S. Rosberg, E. Norjavaara, K. Albertsson-Wikland, and L. M S Carlsson Serum leptin concentrations in relation to pubertal development Arch. Dis. Child., November 1, 1997; 77(5): 396 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. M. H. Elbers, H. Asscheman, J. C. Seidell, M. Frolich, A. E. Meinders, and L. J. G. Gooren Reversal of the Sex Difference in Serum Leptin Levels upon Cross-Sex Hormone Administration in Transsexuals J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3267 - 3270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. A. Koistinen, V. A. Koivisto, S. Andersson, S.-L. Karonen, K. Kontula, L. Oksanen, and K. A. Teramo Leptin Concentration in Cord Blood Correlates with Intrauterine Growth J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3328 - 3330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Mantzoros, S. Moschos, I. Avramopoulos, V. Kaklamani, A. Liolios, D. E. Doulgerakis, I. Griveas, N. Katsilambros, and J. S. Flier Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Mass Index and the Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} System in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3408 - 3413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A. Bray and D. A. York Leptin and Clinical Medicine: A New Piece in the Puzzle of Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 2771 - 2776. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S. Mantzoros, A. Varvarigou, V. G. Kaklamani, N. G. Beratis, and J. S. Flier Effect of Birth Weight and Maternal Smoking on Cord Blood Leptin Concentrations of Full-Term and Preterm Newborns J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 2856 - 2861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. F. Blum, P. Englaro, S. Hanitsch, A. Juul, N. T. Hertel, J. Muller, N. E. Skakkebak, M. L. Heiman, M. Birkett, A. M. Attanasio, et al. Plasma Leptin Levels in Healthy Children and Adolescents: Dependence on Body Mass Index, Body Fat Mass, Gender, Pubertal Stage, and Testosterone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 2904 - 2910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Nader, M. G. Riad-Gabriel, and M. F. Saad The Effect of a Desogestrel-Containing Oral Contraceptive on Glucose Tolerance and Leptin Concentrations in Hyperandrogenic Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 3074 - 3077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Rosenbaum, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch Obesity N. Engl. J. Med., August 7, 1997; 337(6): 396 - 407. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Masuzaki, Y. Ogawa, K. Hosoda, T. Miyawaki, I. Hanaoka, J. Hiraoka, A. Yasuno, H. Nishimura, Y. Yoshimasa, S. Nishi, et al. Glucocorticoid Regulation of Leptin Synthesis and Secretion in Humans: Elevated Plasma Leptin Levels in Cushing's Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1997; 82(8): 2542 - 2547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Spicer and C. C. Francisco The Adipose Obese Gene Product, Leptin: Evidence of a Direct Inhibitory Role in Ovarian Function Endocrinology, August 1, 1997; 138(8): 3374 - 3379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Perusse, G. Collier, J. Gagnon, A. S. Leon, D. C. Rao, J. S. Skinner, J. H. Wilmore, A. Nadeau, P. Z. Zimmet, and C. Bouchard Acute and chronic effects of exercise on leptin levels in humans J Appl Physiol, July 1, 1997; 83(1): 5 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. R. Nagy, B. A. Gower, C. A. Trowbridge, C. Dezenberg, R. M. Shewchuk, and M. I. Goran Effects of Gender, Ethnicity, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution on Serum Leptin Concentrations in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1997; 82(7): 2148 - 2152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. W. Schwartz and R. J. Seeley Neuroendocrine Responses to Starvation and Weight Loss N. Engl. J. Med., June 19, 1997; 336(25): 1802 - 1811. [Full Text] [PDF]