help button home button Endocrine Society JCEM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a related Letter to the Editor
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Morales, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Yen, S. S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Morales, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Yen, S. S.

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol 81, 2854-2864, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Insulin, somatotropic, and luteinizing hormone axes in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: common and distinct features

AJ Morales, GA Laughlin, T Butzow, H Maheshwari, G Baumann and SS Yen
Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California School of Medicine-San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0633, USA.

The basic tenet of this investigation was that obesity is not a prerequisite in the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as indicated by the fact that 50% of PCOS women are not obese. Further, obesity itself is a disease entity with the common manifestation of insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia with PCOS. Given recent evidence that insulin and GH may have gonadotropin-augmenting effects, we have determined the common and distinguishing features of neuroendocrine- metabolic dysfunctions of lean [body mass index (BMI), < 23 kg/m2] and obese (BMI, > 30 kg/m2) women with the classical form of PCOS. Insulin sensitivity, as determined by rapid i.v. glucose tolerance testing; 24- h dynamics of insulin/glucose levels, somatotropic [GH/GH-binding protein/insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)], and LH axes; and their downstream effects on ovarian steroids were simultaneously assessed in eight lean PCOS and eight obese PCOS patients and an equal number of BMI-matched normal cycling controls. Our results show that insulin sensitivity was reduced 50% (P < 0.01) in lean PCOS from that in lean controls. There was a further decrease in obese controls (P < 0.01) and a 2-fold greater reduction (P < 0.001) in obese PCOS than in obese controls, suggesting that insulin resistance (IR) is a common lesion in PCOS, and that obesity contributes an additional component to IR in obese PCOS. Consistent with the degree of IR, the manifestation of compensatory hyperinsulinemia in lean PCOS was incipient, being evident only in response to meals (P < 0.05), and became overt during the 24-h fasting/feeding phases of the day in obese control (P < 0.001) with a 2- to 3-fold greater elevation (P < 0.001) in obese PCOS. An enhanced early insulin response to glucose occurs equally in obese control (P < 0.01) and obese PCOS (P < 0.05), but not in their lean counterparts. Considering the more profound IR and the associated hyperglycemia in obese PCOS, the magnitude of the early insulin release is inadequate, suggesting that beta-cell dysfunction exists in obese PCOS. Remarkable differences in the somatotropic axis were also observed; although 24-h GH pulse frequency and levels of IGF- I and IGFBP-3 were unaltered by either PCOS or obesity, the 24-h mean GH pulse amplitude was increased by 30% (P < 0.01) in lean PCOS in the presence of normal levels of high affinity GHBP and normal GH response to GHRH. In distinct contrast, the somatotropic axis in both obese control and obese PCOS was profoundly modified, with attenuation of GH pulse amplitude (P < 0.001) and GH response to GHRH (P < 0.001), resulting in a state of hyposomatotropinism with a more than 50% reduction (P < 0.001) of 24-h mean GH levels. In addition, GHBP levels were elevated 2-fold and were correlated inversely with GH (r = -0.81) and positively with insulin (r = 0.75) concentrations. IGFBP-I levels were suppressed in both obese groups, with a 4-fold greater reduction in obese PCOS than that in obese controls. Thus, the downstream effects of hyperinsulinemia on the somatotropic axis may include up-regulation of hepatic production of GHBP, suppression of IGFBP-1 (r = 0.82) and sex hormone-binding globulin (r = -0.69) levels, and a more than 3-fold increase in ratios of IGF-I/IGFBP-1 and estradiol-testosterone/sex hormone-binding globulin, thereby increasing their bioavailabilities. In contrast, LH pulsatility was unaffected by obesity alone. An accelerated LH pulse frequency was evident in both lean and obese PCOS (P < 0.001), whereas the mean 24-h LH pulse amplitude was increased in lean (P < 0.001), but not obese, PCOS patients. These events resulted in a 3-fold increase in 24-h mean LH levels in lean PCOS and a 2-fold increase in obese PCOS. Thus, increased LH pulse frequency and augmented LH response to GnRH are characteristic of PCOS, independent of obesity, and the presence of obesity in PCOS is associated with an attenuated LH pulse amplitude, not accounted f


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. R. McCartney, K. A. Prendergast, S. K. Blank, K. D. Helm, S. Chhabra, and J. C. Marshall
Maturation of Luteinizing Hormone (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) Secretion across Puberty: Evidence for Altered Regulation in Obese Peripubertal Girls
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2009; 94(1): 56 - 66.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M.I. Ahmed, A.J. Duleba, O. El Shahat, M.E. Ibrahim, and A. Salem
Naltrexone treatment in clomiphene resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2008; 23(11): 2564 - 2569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin Med ResHome page
S. A. R. Doi
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in PCOS: A Critique of Recent Reviews
Clin. Med. Res., September 1, 2008; 6(2): 47 - 53.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
P. F. Svendsen, L. Nilas, K. Norgaard, J.-E. B. Jensen, and S. Madsbad
Obesity, body composition and metabolic disturbances in polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2008; 23(9): 2113 - 2121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nutr Clin PractHome page
G. U. Liepa, A. Sengupta, and D. Karsies
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Other Androgen Excess-Related Conditions: Can Changes in Dietary Intake Make a Difference?
Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2008; 23(1): 63 - 71.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
P. Vigil, P. Contreras, J. L. Alvarado, A. Godoy, A. M. Salgado, and M. E. Cortes
Evidence of subpopulations with different levels of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2007; 22(11): 2974 - 2980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
G. S. Eng, R. A. Sheridan, A. Wyman, M. M.-Y. Chi, K. P. Bibee, E. S. Jungheim, and K. H. Moley
AMP Kinase Activation Increases Glucose Uptake, Decreases Apoptosis, and Improves Pregnancy Outcome in Embryos Exposed to High IGF-I Concentrations
Diabetes, September 1, 2007; 56(9): 2228 - 2234.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Gambineri, L. Patton, R. De Iasio, F. Palladoro, U. Pagotto, and R. Pasquali
Insulin-Like Factor 3: A New Circulating Hormone Related to Luteinizing Hormone-Dependent Ovarian Hyperandrogenism in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2007; 92(6): 2066 - 2073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
S.K. Blank, C.R. McCartney, and J.C. Marshall
The origins and sequelae of abnormal neuroendocrine function in polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod. Update, July 1, 2006; 12(4): 351 - 361.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Y. L. Pagan, S. S. Srouji, Y. Jimenez, A. Emerson, S. Gill, and J. E. Hall
Inverse Relationship between Luteinizing Hormone and Body Mass Index in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Investigation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Contributions
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1309 - 1316.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Glintborg, R. K. Stoving, C. Hagen, A. P. Hermann, J. Frystyk, J. D. Veldhuis, A. Flyvbjerg, and M. Andersen
Pioglitazone Treatment Increases Spontaneous Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion and Stimulated GH Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2005; 90(10): 5605 - 5612.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
F. Gomez, S. E. la Fleur, R. I. Weiner, M. F. Dallman, and M. El Majdoubi
Decreased Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Activity Is Associated with Decreased Fertility and Dysregulation of Food Intake in the Female GPR-4 Transgenic Rat
Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3800 - 3808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Gambineri, L. Patton, R. De Iasio, B. Cantelli, G. E. Cognini, M. Filicori, A. Barreca, E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, U. Pagotto, and R. Pasquali
Efficacy of Octreotide-LAR in Dieting Women with Abdominal Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3854 - 3862.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
J. Vrbikova and D. Cibula
Combined oral contraceptives in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2005; 11(3): 277 - 291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
A. Lukanova and R. Kaaks
Endogenous Hormones and Ovarian Cancer: Epidemiology and Current Hypotheses
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 98 - 107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. O. Goodarzi, S. Erickson, S. C. Port, R. I. Jennrich, and S. G. Korenman
{beta}-Cell Function: A Key Pathological Determinant in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2005; 90(1): 310 - 315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
D. Cibula
Is insulin resistance an essential component of PCOS?: The influence of confounding factors
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2004; 19(4): 757 - 759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
J. A.M. de Boer, C. B. Lambalk, H. H. Hendriks, C. van Aken, E. A. van der Veen, and J. Schoemaker
Growth hormone secretion is impaired but not related to insulin sensitivity in non-obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2004; 19(3): 504 - 509.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Tsilchorozidou, J. W. Honour, and G. S. Conway
Altered Cortisol Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insulin Enhances 5{alpha}-Reduction But Not the Elevated Adrenal Steroid Production Rates
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5907 - 5913.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. A. Eagleson, A. B. Bellows, K. Hu, M. B. Gingrich, and J. C. Marshall
Obese Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Evidence that Metformin Does Not Restore Sensitivity of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator to Inhibition by Ovarian Steroids
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5158 - 5162.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
V. De Leo, A. la Marca, and F. Petraglia
Insulin-Lowering Agents in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 633 - 667.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, M. R. Denburg, A. M. Manibo, R. A. Lobo, R. Jaffe, M. Ferin, L. S. Levine, and S. E. Oberfield
Early Endocrine, Metabolic, and Sonographic Characteristics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Comparison between Nonobese and Obese Adolescents
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 4682 - 4688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. DiabetesHome page
J. L. Sharpless
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and the Metabolic Syndrome
Clin. Diabetes, October 1, 2003; 21(4): 154 - 161.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Ibanez, K. Ong, A. Ferrer, R. Amin, D. Dunger, and F. de Zegher
Low-Dose Flutamide-Metformin Therapy Reverses Insulin Resistance and Reduces Fat Mass in Nonobese Adolescents with Ovarian Hyperandrogenism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2600 - 2606.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Taponen, H. Martikainen, M.-R. Jarvelin, J. Laitinen, A. Pouta, A.-L. Hartikainen, U. Sovio, M. I. McCarthy, S. Franks, and A. Ruokonen
Hormonal Profile of Women with Self-Reported Symptoms of Oligomenorrhea and/or Hirsutism: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 141 - 147.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Morin-Papunen, I. Vauhkonen, R. Koivunen, A. Ruokonen, H. Martikainen, and J. S. Tapanainen
Metformin Versus Ethinyl Estradiol-Cyproterone Acetate in the Treatment of Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 148 - 156.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
R. Kaaks, A. Lukanova, and M. S. Kurzer
Obesity, Endogenous Hormones, and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Synthetic Review
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2002; 11(12): 1531 - 1543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Cibula, J. Skrha, M. Hill, M. Fanta, L. Haakova, J. VrbIkova, and J. Zivny
Prediction of Insulin Sensitivity in Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5821 - 5825.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol. Reprod.Home page
N. J. Place, K. E. Holekamp, C. L. Sisk, M. L. Weldele, E. M. Coscia, C. M. Drea, and S. E. Glickman
Effects of Prenatal Treatment with Antiandrogens on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion and Sex Steroid Concentrations in Adult Spotted Hyenas, Crocuta crocuta
Biol Reprod, November 1, 2002; 67(5): 1405 - 1413.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, C. H. L. Shackleton, A. M. Manibo, L. S. Levine, D. Sekhar, D. J. McMahon, and S. E. Oberfield
5{alpha}-Reductase and 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4647 - 4651.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. W. C. M. van Dam, F. Roelfsema, F. H. Helmerhorst, M. Frolich, A. E. Meinders, J. D. Veldhuis, and H. Pijl
Low Amplitude and Disorderly Spontaneous Growth Hormone Release in Obese Women with or without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2002; 87(9): 4225 - 4230.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
K. Elter, G. Imir, and F. Durmusoglu
Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin added to ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in non-obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled study
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2002; 17(7): 1729 - 1737.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
C. Battaglia, G. Regnani, F. Mancini, L. Iughetti, C. Flamigni, and S. Venturoli
Polycystic ovaries in childhood: a common finding in daughters of PCOS patients. A pilot study
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2002; 17(3): 771 - 776.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, M. Ferin, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, and S. E. Oberfield
Elevated Free IGF-I Levels in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche: Relationship with Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Sensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 398 - 403.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Pincus, M. C. Garcia-Rudaz, M. G. Ropelato, M. E. Escobar, and M. Barontini
Disruption of the Synchronous Secretion of Leptin, LH, and Ovarian Androgens in Nonobese Adolescents with the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3772 - 3778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Joffe, A. E. Taylor, and J. E. Hall
EDITORIAL: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome--Relationship to Epilepsy and Antiepileptic Drug Therapy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 2946 - 2949.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Bilo, R. Meo, R. Valentino, C. Di Carlo, S. Striano, and C. Nappi
Characterization of Reproductive Endocrine Disorders in Women with Epilepsy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 2950 - 2956.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
P.M. Spritzer, M. Poy, D. Wiltgen, L.S. Mylius, and E. Capp
Leptin concentrations in hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism: influence on LH and relationship with hormonal, metabolic, and anthropometric measurements
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2001; 16(7): 1340 - 1346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
D. Cibula, M. Hill, M. Fanta, G. Sindelka, and J. Zivny
Does obesity diminish the positive effect of oral contraceptive treatment on hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Hum. Reprod., May 1, 2001; 16(5): 940 - 944.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M.W. Elting, T.J.M. Korsen, P.D. Bezemer, and J. Schoemaker
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2001; 16(3): 556 - 560.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Pincus, M. C. Garcia-Rudaz, M. G. Ropelato, M. E. Escobar, and M. Barontini
Disruption of the Joint Synchrony of Luteinizing Hormone, Testosterone, and Androstenedione Secretion in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2001; 86(1): 72 - 79.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. M.-Y. Chi, A. L. Schlein, and K. H. Moley
High Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin Concentrations Trigger Apoptosis in the Mouse Blastocyst via Down-Regulation of the IGF-1 Receptor
Endocrinology, December 1, 2000; 141(12): 4784 - 4792.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
R. A. Lobo and E. Carmina
The Importance of Diagnosing the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Ann Intern Med, June 20, 2000; 132(12): 989 - 993.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
L. C. Morin-Papunen, I. Vauhkonen, R. M. Koivunen, A. Ruokonen, and J. S. Tapanainen
Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and metabolic and hormonal parameters in healthy women and women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2000; 15(6): 1266 - 1274.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. H. A. van Hooff, F. J. Voorhorst, M. B. H. Kaptein, R. A. Hirasing, C. Koppenaal, and J. Schoemaker
Insulin, Androgen, and Gonadotropin Concentrations, Body Mass Index, and Waist to Hip Ratio in the First Years after Menarche in Girls with Regular Menstrual Cycles, Irregular Menstrual Cycles, or Oligomenorrhea
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2000; 85(4): 1394 - 1400.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. L. Chang, S. R. Lindheim, C. Lowre, M. Ferin, F. Gonzalez, L. Berglund, E. Carmina, M. V. Sauer, and R. A. Lobo
Normal Ovulatory Women with Polycystic Ovaries Have Hyperandrogenic Pituitary-Ovarian Responses To Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Agonist Testing
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2000; 85(3): 995 - 1000.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
L. Ciotta, V. De Leo, F. Galvani, A. La Marca, and A. Cianci
Endocrine and metabolic effects of octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, in lean PCOS patients with either hyperinsulinaemia or lean normoinsulinaemia
Hum. Reprod., December 1, 1999; 14(12): 2951 - 2958.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
L. Poretsky, N. A. Cataldo, Z. Rosenwaks, and L. C. Giudice
The Insulin-Related Ovarian Regulatory System in Health and Disease
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 1999; 20(4): 535 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M.H.A. van Hooff, M. van der Meer, C.B. Lambalk, and J. Schoemaker
Variation of luteinizing hormone and androgens in oligomenorrhoea and its implications for the study of polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 1999; 14(7): 1684 - 1689.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
A.M. Fulghesu, F. Cucinelli, V. Pavone, F. Murgia, M. Guido, A. Caruso, S. Mancuso, and A. Lanzone
Changes in luteinizing hormone and insulin secretion in polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 1999; 14(3): 611 - 617.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
R. Homburg and I. E. Messinis
Growth hormone kinetics in polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., January 1, 1999; 14(1): 271 - 271.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Holte, G. Gennarelli, L. Wide, H. Lithell, and C. Berne
High Prevalence of Polycystic Ovaries and Associated Clinical, Endocrine, and Metabolic Features in Women with Previous Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1143 - 1150.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. L. Pastor, M. L. Griffin-Korf, J. A. Aloi, W. S. Evans, and J. C. Marshall
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Evidence for Reduced Sensitivity of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator to Inhibition by Estradiol and Progesterone
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1998; 83(2): 582 - 590.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A. Dunaif
Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanism and Implications for Pathogenesis
Endocr. Rev., December 1, 1997; 18(6): 774 - 800.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. E. Nestler and D. J. Jakubowicz
Lean Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Respond to Insulin Reduction with Decreases in Ovarian P450c17{alpha} Activity and Serum Androgens
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1997; 82(12): 4075 - 4079.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. L. Daniels and S. L. Berga
Resistance of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Drive to Sex Steroid-Induced Suppression in Hyperandrogenic Anovulation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1997; 82(12): 4179 - 4183.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Arroyo, G. A. Laughlin, A. J. Morales, and S. S. C. Yen
Inappropriate Gonadotropin Secretion in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Influence of Adiposity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1997; 82(11): 3728 - 3733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. E. Taylor, B. McCourt, K. A. Martin, E. J. Anderson, J. M. Adams, D. Schoenfeld, and J. E. Hall
Determinants of Abnormal Gonadotropin Secretion in Clinically Defined Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1997; 82(7): 2248 - 2256.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]