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Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol 81, 4358-4365, Copyright © 1996 by Endocrine Society

ARTICLES

Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism

L Katznelson, JS Finkelstein, DA Schoenfeld, DI Rosenthal, EJ Anderson and A Klibanski
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.

Acquired hypogonadism is being increasingly recognized in adult men. However, the effects of long term testosterone replacement on bone density and body composition are largely unknown. We investigated 36 adult men with acquired hypogonadism (age, 22-69 yr; median, 58 yr), including 29 men with central hypogonadism and 7 men with primary hypogonadism, and 44 age-matched eugonadal controls. Baseline evaluation included body composition analysis by bioimpedance, determination of site-specific adipose area by dual energy quantitative computed tomography scan (QCT) of the lumbar spine, and measurements of spinal bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy x-ray absortiometry, spinal trabecular BMD with QCT, and radial BMD with single photon absorptiometry. Percent body fat was significantly greater in the hypogonadal men compared to eugonadal men (mean +/- SEM, 26.4 +/- 1.1% vs. 19.2 +/- 0.8%; P < 0.01). The mean trabecular BMD determined by QCT for the hypogonadal men was 115 +/- 6 mg K2HPO4/cc. Spinal BMD was significantly lower than that in eugonadal controls (1.006 +/- 0.024 vs. 1.109 +/- 0.028 g/cm2; P = 0.02, respectively). Radial BMD was similar in both groups. Testosterone enanthate therapy was initiated in 29 hypogonadal men at a dose of 100 mg/week, and the subjects were evaluated at 6-month intervals for 18 months. During testosterone therapy, the percent body fat decreased 14 +/- 4% (P < 0.001). There was a 13 +/- 4% decrease in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.01) and a 7 +/- 2% increase in lean muscle mass (P = 0.01) during testosterone therapy. Spinal BMD and trabecular BMD increased by 5 +/- 1% (P < 0.001) and 14 +/- 3% (P < 0.001), respectively. Radial BMD did not change. Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion, markers of bone formation and resorption, respectively, decreased significantly over the 18 months (P = 0.003 and P = 0.04, respectively). We conclude that testosterone therapy given to adult men with acquired hypogonadism decreases sc fat and increases lean muscle mass. In addition, testosterone therapy reduces bone remodeling and increases trabecular bone density. The beneficial effects of androgen administration on body composition and bone density may provide additional indications for testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men.


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Changes in Body Composition during Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 599 - 603.
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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Matsumoto
Andropause: Clinical Implications of the Decline in Serum Testosterone Levels With Aging in Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2002; 57(2): M76 - 99.
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H. W. Vesper, L. M. Demers, R. Eastell, P. Garnero, M. Kleerekoper, S. P. Robins, A. K. Srivastava, G. R. Warnick, N. B. Watts, and G. L. Myers
Assessment and Recommendations on Factors Contributing to Preanalytical Variability of Urinary Pyridinoline and Deoxypyridinoline
Clin. Chem., February 1, 2002; 48(2): 220 - 235.
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A. B. Singh, S. Hsia, P. Alaupovic, I. Sinha-Hikim, L. Woodhouse, T. A. Buchanan, R. Shen, R. Bross, N. Berman, and S. Bhasin
The Effects of Varying Doses of T on Insulin Sensitivity, Plasma Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Young Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 136 - 143.
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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
C. Christmas, K. G. O'Connor, S. M. Harman, J. D. Tobin, T. Munzer, M. F. Bellantoni, C. St. Clair, K. M. Pabst, J. D. Sorkin, and M. R. Blackman
Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Effects on Bone Metabolism and Bone Mineral Density in Healthy Aged Women and Men
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2002; 57(1): M12 - 18.
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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Bhasin, L. Woodhouse, R. Casaburi, A. B. Singh, D. Bhasin, N. Berman, X. Chen, K. E. Yarasheski, L. Magliano, C. Dzekov, et al.
Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2001; 281(6): E1172 - E1181.
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S. Basaria, J. T. Wahlstrom, and A. S. Dobs
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5108 - 5117.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. D. Ringe, H. Faber, and A. Dorst
Alendronate Treatment of Established Primary Osteoporosis in Men: Results of a 2-Year Prospective Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5252 - 5255.
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A. B. Sopher, J. C. Thornton, M. E. Silfen, A. Manibo, S. E. Oberfield, J. Wang, R. N. Pierson Jr., L. S. Levine, and M. Horlick
Prepubertal Girls with Premature Adrenarche Have Greater Bone Mineral Content and Density Than Controls
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5269 - 5272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
M. R. Smith, F. J. McGovern, A. L. Zietman, M. A. Fallon, D. L. Hayden, D. A. Schoenfeld, P. W. Kantoff, and J. S. Finkelstein
Pamidronate to Prevent Bone Loss during Androgen-Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
N. Engl. J. Med., September 27, 2001; 345(13): 948 - 955.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. C. Smith, S. Bennett, L. M. Evans, H. G. Kynaston, M. Parmar, M. D. Mason, J. R. Cockcroft, M. F. Scanlon, and J. S. Davies
The Effects of Induced Hypogonadism on Arterial Stiffness, Body Composition, and Metabolic Parameters in Males with Prostate Cancer
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4261 - 4267.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. S. Huang, S. J. Wilkie, M. P. Sullivan, and S. Grinspoon
Reduced Bone Density in Androgen-Deficient Women with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Wasting
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3533 - 3539.
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T. Munzer, S. M. Harman, P. Hees, E. Shapiro, C. Christmas, M. F. Bellantoni, T. E. Stevens, K. G. O'Connor, K. M. Pabst, C. St. Clair, et al.
Effects of GH and/or Sex Steroid Administration on Abdominal Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat in Healthy Aged Women and Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3604 - 3610.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Snyder
Effects of Age on Testicular Function and Consequences of Testosterone Treatment
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2369 - 2372.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Vermeulen
Androgen Replacement Therapy in the Aging Male--A Critical Evaluation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2380 - 2390.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. K. Miller
Androgen Deficiency in Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2395 - 2401.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. A. Stoch, R. A. Parker, L. Chen, G. Bubley, Y.-J. Ko, A. Vincelette, and S. L. Greenspan
Bone Loss in Men with Prostate Cancer Treated with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2787 - 2791.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. P. Fairfield, J. S. Finkelstein, A. Klibanski, and S. K. Grinspoon
Osteopenia in Eugonadal Men with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Wasting Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2001; 86(5): 2020 - 2026.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
A. M. Kenny, K. M. Prestwood, C. A. Gruman, K. M. Marcello, and L. G. Raisz
Effects of Transdermal Testosterone on Bone and Muscle in Older Men With Low Bioavailable Testosterone Levels
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2001; 56(5): 266M - 272.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. S. Dobs, P. S. Bachorik, S. Arver, A. W. Meikle, S. W. Sanders, K. E. Caramelli, and N. A. Mazer
Interrelationships among Lipoprotein Levels, Sex Hormones, Anthropometric Parameters, and Age in Hypogonadal Men Treated for 1 Year with a Permeation-Enhanced Testosterone Transdermal System
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1026 - 1033.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. Z. Leder, M. R. Smith, M. A. Fallon, M.-L. T. Lee, and J. S. Finkelstein
Effects of Gonadal Steroid Suppression on Skeletal Sensitivity to Parathyroid Hormone in Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 511 - 516.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. K. Miller, G. Sesmilo, A. Schiller, D. Schoenfeld, S. Burton, and A. Klibanski
Androgen Deficiency in Women with Hypopituitarism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 561 - 567.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 ANN INTERN MEDHome page
R. S. Swerdloff and C. Wang
Androgens, Estrogens, and Bone in Men
Ann Intern Med, December 19, 2000; 133(12): 1002 - 1004.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. V. Zborowski, J. A. Cauley, E. O. Talbott, D. S. Guzick, and S. J. Winters
Bone Mineral Density, Androgens, and the Polycystic Ovary: The Complex and Controversial Issue of Androgenic Influence in Female Bone
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3496 - 3506.
[Full Text]

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 Ann Rheum DisHome page
J M Kaufman, O Johnell, E Abadie, S Adami, M Audran, B Avouac, W B. Sedrine, G Calvo, J P Devogelaer, V Fuchs, et al.
Background for studies on the treatment of male osteoporosis: state of the art
Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2000; 59(10): 765 - 772.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Snyder, H. Peachey, J. A. Berlin, P. Hannoush, G. Haddad, A. Dlewati, J. Santanna, L. Loh, D. A. Lenrow, J. H. Holmes, et al.
Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2670 - 2677.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Wang, R. S. Swerdloff, A. Iranmanesh, A. Dobs, P. J. Snyder, G. Cunningham, A. M. Matsumoto, T. Weber, and N. Berman the Testosterone Gel Study Group
Transdermal Testosterone Gel Improves Sexual Function, Mood, Muscle Strength, and Body Composition Parameters in Hypogonadal Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2839 - 2853.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Vanderschueren, L. Vandenput, S. Boonen, E. Van Herck, J. V. Swinnen, and R. Bouillon
An Aged Rat Model of Partial Androgen Deficiency: Prevention of Both Loss of Bone and Lean Body Mass by Low-Dose Androgen Replacement
Endocrinology, May 1, 2000; 141(5): 1642 - 1647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BMJHome page
D. C Gould, R. Petty, and H. S Jacobs
For and against: The male menopause---does it exist? • For • Against
BMJ, March 25, 2000; 320(7238): 858 - 861.
[Full Text]

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 JAMAHome page
S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, M. Javanbakht, N. Berman, K. E. Yarasheski, J. Phillips, M. Dike, I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Shen, R. D. Hays, et al.
Testosterone Replacement and Resistance Exercise in HIV-Infected Men With Weight Loss and Low Testosterone Levels
JAMA, February 9, 2000; 283(6): 763 - 770.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. B. Rasmussen, E. Volpi, D. C. Gore, and R. R. Wolfe
Androstenedione Does Not Stimulate Muscle Protein Anabolism in Young Healthy Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 55 - 59.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. Bross, M. Javanbakht, and S. Bhasin
Anabolic Interventions for Aging-Associated Sarcopenia
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3420 - 3430.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Snyder, H. Peachey, P. Hannoush, J. A. Berlin, L. Loh, D. A. Lenrow, J. H. Holmes, A. Dlewati, J. Santanna, C. J. Rosen, et al.
Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Men Over 65 Years of Age
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2647 - 2653.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Sheffield-Moore, R. J. Urban, S. E. Wolf, J. Jiang, D. H. Catlin, D. N. Herndon, R. R. Wolfe, and A. A. Ferrando
Short-Term Oxandrolone Administration Stimulates Net Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2705 - 2711.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. J. Snyder, H. Peachey, P. Hannoush, J. A. Berlin, L. Loh, J. H. Holmes, A. Dlewati, J. Staley, J. Santanna, S. C. Kapoor, et al.
Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Bone Mineral Density in Men Over 65 Years of Age
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 1966 - 1972.
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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. A. Ferrando, K. D. Tipton, D. Doyle, S. M. Phillips, J. Cortiella, and R. R. Wolfe
Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 1998; 275(5): E864 - E871.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. J. Bagatell and W. J. Bremner
V. The Effects of Aging and Testosterone on Lipids and Cardiovascular Risk
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1998; 83(10): 3440 - 3441.
[Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Bhasin
VIII. Conclusion--Research Design Issues in Examining the Effects of Testosterone Supplementation in Older Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1998; 83(10): 3445 - 3448.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Bhasin, T. W. Storer, N. Asbel-Sethi, A. Kilbourne, R. Hays, I. Sinha-Hikim, R. Shen, S. Arver, and G. Beall
Effects of Testosterone Replacement with a Nongenital, Transdermal System, Androderm, in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Low Testosterone Levels
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3155 - 3162.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. Miller, C. Corcoran, C. Armstrong, K. Caramelli, E. Anderson, D. Cotton, N. Basgoz, L. Hirschhorn, R. Tuomala, D. Schoenfeld, et al.
Transdermal Testosterone Administration in Women with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Wasting: A Pilot Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1998; 83(8): 2717 - 2725.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
I. Sinha-Hikim, S. Arver, G. Beall, R. Shen, M. Guerrero, F. Sattler, C. Shikuma, J. C. Nelson, B.-M. Landgren, N. A. Mazer, et al.
The Use of a Sensitive Equilibrium Dialysis Method for the Measurement of Free Testosterone Levels in Healthy, Cycling Women and in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1998; 83(4): 1312 - 1318.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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