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Influence of Season and Latitude on the Cutaneous Synthesis of Vitamin D₃: Exposure to Winter Sunlight in Boston and Edmonton Will Not Promote Vitamin D₃ Synthesis in Human Skin^*

Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02118
The Department of Physiology, University of Alberta (L.K.) Edmonton, Canada T6G 2R3

Address requests for reprints to: M. F. Holick, Boston University School of Medicine, Building M, 1013,80 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.

Sunlight has long been recognized as a major provider of vitamin D for humans; radiation in the UVB (290–315 nm) portion of the solar spectrum photolyzes 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin to previtamin D₃, which, in turn, is converted by a thermal process to vitamin D₃. Latitude and season affect both the quantity and quality of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface, especially in the UVB region of the spectrum, but little is known about how these influence the ability of sunlight to synthesize vitamin D₃ in skin. A model has been developed to evaluate the effect of seasonal and latitudinal changes on the potential of sunlight to initiate cutaneous production of vitamin D₃. Human skin or [3-³H]7-dehydrocholesterol exposed to sunlight on cloudless days in Boston (42.2°N) from November through February produced no previtamin D₃. In Edmonton (52°N) this ineffective winter period extended from October through March. Further south (34°N and 18°N), sunlight effectively photoconverted 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D₃ in the middle of winter. These results quantify the dramatic influence of changes in solar UVB radiation on cutaneous vitamin D₃ synthesis and indicate the latitudinal increase in the length of the "vitamin D winter" during which dietary supplementation of the vitamin may be advisable.

^* This work was supported by NIH Grants AM-32324, AG-02918, and AG-04390.

Received February 11, 1988.

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				J. G. Morris Ineffective Vitamin D Synthesis in Cats Is Reversed by an Inhibitor of 7-Dehydrocholestrol-{Delta}7-Reductase J. Nutr., April 1, 1999; 129(4): 903 - 908. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. E. Vitting, S. G. Rostand, A. Argiles, and G. Mourad Seasonal Changes in Blood Pressure in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis N. Engl. J. Med., March 25, 1999; 340(12): 965 - 966. [Full Text]

				S. Zacharoulis, N. Nauman, M. Marlowe, R. Fawaz, A. S. Cunningham;, F. Mimouni;, and L. M. Gartner Questions about AAP breastfeeding statement. Pediatrics, December 1, 1998; 102(6): 1495 - 1496. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Thomas, D. M. Lloyd-Jones, R. I. Thadhani, A. C. Shaw, D. J. Deraska, B. T. Kitch, E. C. Vamvakas, I. M. Dick, R. L. Prince, and J. S. Finkelstein Hypovitaminosis D in Medical Inpatients N. Engl. J. Med., March 19, 1998; 338(12): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G. Rostand Ultraviolet Light May Contribute to Geographic and Racial Blood Pressure Differences Hypertension, August 1, 1997; 30(2): 150 - 156. [Abstract] [Full Text]