This Article Full Text (PDF) Submit a related Letter to the Editor Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by HO, K. Y. Articles by THORNER, M. O. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by HO, K. Y. Articles by THORNER, M. O.

Effects of Sex and Age on the 24-Hour Profile of Growth Hormone Secretion in Man: Importance of Endogenous Estradiol Concentrations^*

K. Y. HO, W. S. EVANS, R. M. BLIZZARD, J. D. VELDHUIS, G. R. MERRIAM, E. SAMOJLIK, R. FURLANETTO, A. D ROGOL, D. L. KAISER and M. O. THORNER

Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charbttesville, Virginia 22908
Departments of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charbttesville, Virginia 22908
Departments of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charbttesville, Virginia 22908
Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Newark Beth Israel Medical Center Newark, New Jersey 07112

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Michael O. Thorner, Box 511, University Hospital, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.

We undertook a study of the separate and combined effects of age and sex on the pulsatile pattern of GH secretion. The 24-h secretory profile of GH was generated by 20-min sampling in 10 young women (aged 18–33 yr), 10 young men (aged 18–33 yr), 8 postmenopausal women (aged >55 yr), and 8 older men (aged >55 yr). A computer-assisted pulse analysis program was used to assess both total GH secretion, as reflected in the 24-h integrated GH concentration (IGHC), and pulsatile secretion, as denoted by pulse frequency, duration, amplitude, and the fraction of GH secreted in pulses during the 24-h period (FGHP).

IGHC was significantly greater in women than in men (P < 0.025) and greater in the young than in the old (P < 0.003). The mean pulse amplitude, duration, and FGHP were each greater in the young (P < 0.006, P < 0.03, and P < 0.0001, respectively), but not significantly different between the sexes. The mean pulse frequency was not affected by sex or age. The serum concentration of free estradiol, but not free testosterone, correlated with IGHC (r = 0.46; P < 0.005), pulse amplitude (r = 0.53; P < 0.001), and FGHP (r = 0.59; P < 0.0002). After correcting for the effects of estradiol, neither sex nor age influenced IGHC or mean pulse amplitude, while the effect of age on FGHP was reduced from 81% to 29%. Of the indices of GH secretion, FGHP had the strongest correlation (r = 0.43; P < 0.006) with somatomedin-C. Somatomedin-C declined significantly with age in both sexes.

Our results indicate that sex and age have independent and interrelated effects on GH secretion. These effects can be largely accounted for by corresponding variations in endogenous estra-diol levels. These observations suggest an amplifying action of estradiol on the neuroendocrine regulation of pulsatile GH release.

^* This work was supported by USPHS Grants RR-00847, AM-32632, and HD-13197 (to M.O.T.), HD-00439 (to W.S.E.), Research Career Development Award 1K04-HD-00634 (to J.D.V.), and AG-04303-02 (to R.M.B.).

Supported by a grant from the Medical Foundation, University of Sydney, and the Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

Received May 1, 1986.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A Mukherjee and S M Shalet The value of IGF1 estimation in adults with GH deficiency Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2009; 161(S1): S33 - S39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Kamenicky, C. Dos Santos, C. Espinosa, S. Salenave, F. Galland, Y. Le Bouc, P. Maison, P. Bougneres, and P. Chanson D3 GH receptor polymorphism is not associated with IGF1 levels in untreated acromegaly Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2009; 161(2): 231 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Fanciulli, A. Delitala, and G. Delitala Growth hormone, menopause and ageing: no definite evidence for 'rejuvenation' with growth hormone Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2009; 15(3): 341 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K. White, C. D. Petrie, W. Landschulz, D. MacLean, A. Taylor, K. Lyles, J. Y. Wei, A. R. Hoffman, R. Salvatori, M. P. Ettinger, et al. Effects of an Oral Growth Hormone Secretagogue in Older Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2009; 94(4): 1198 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, and E. Canalis Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2008; 29(5): 535 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Brugts, M. B. Ranke, L. J. Hofland, K. van der Wansem, K. Weber, J. Frystyk, S. W. J. Lamberts, and J. A. M. J. L. Janssen Normal Values of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Bioactivity in the Healthy Population: Comparison with Five Widely Used IGF-I Immunoassays J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2008; 93(7): 2539 - 2545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Khosla, S. Amin, and E. Orwoll Osteoporosis in Men Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2008; 29(4): 441 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kalleinen, P. Polo-Kantola, K. Irjala, T. Porkka-Heiskanen, T. Vahlberg, A. Virkki, and O. Polo 24-Hour Serum Levels of Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Cortisol in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women: The Effect of Combined Estrogen and Progestin Treatment J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2008; 93(5): 1655 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Alexopoulou, M. Bex, R. Abs, G. T'Sjoen, B. Velkeniers, and D. Maiter Divergence between Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Concentrations in the Follow-Up of Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2008; 93(4): 1324 - 1330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Cosma, J. Bailey, J. M. Miles, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Pituitary and/or Peripheral Estrogen-Receptor {alpha} Regulates Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion, Whereas Central Estrogenic Pathways Direct Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 951 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Bajuk Studen and A. Barkan Assessment of the Magnitude of Growth Hormone Hypersecretion in Active Acromegaly: Reliability of Different Sampling Models J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2008; 93(2): 491 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Joseph, B. Y. Chan, B. H. Durham, A. M. Ahmad, S. Vinjamuri, J. A. Gallagher, J. P. Vora, and W. D. Fraser The Circadian Rhythm of Osteoprotegerin and Its Association with Parathyroid Hormone Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3230 - 3238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, M. Cosma, D. Erickson, R. Paulo, K. Mielke, L. S. Farhy, and C. Y. Bowers Tripartite Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in Women during Controlled Estradiol Repletion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2007; 92(6): 2336 - 2345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Sun, J. M. Garcia, and R. G. Smith Ghrelin and Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Expression in Mice during Aging Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1323 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Parkinson, P. Burman, M. Messig, and P. J. Trainer Gender, Body Weight, Disease Activity, and Previous Radiotherapy Influence the Response to Pegvisomant J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2007; 92(1): 190 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Bonkowski, R. W. Pamenter, J. S. Rocha, M. M. Masternak, J. A. Panici, and A. Bartke Long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice show a delay in age-related changes of body composition and bone characteristics. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2006; 61(6): 562 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Weltman, J. Y. Weltman, C. P. Roy, L. Wideman, J. Patrie, W. S. Evans, and J. D. Veldhuis Growth hormone response to graded exercise intensities is attenuated and the gender difference abolished in older adults J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1623 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Koranyi, I. Bosaeus, M. Alpsten, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson Body composition during GH replacement in adults - methodological variations with respect to gender. Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 154(4): 545 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Markkanen, T. Pekkarinen, M. J. Valimaki, H. Alfthan, R. Kauppinen-Makelin, T. Sane, and U.-H. Stenman Effect of Sex and Assay Method on Serum Concentrations of Growth Hormone in Patients with Acromegaly and in Healthy Controls Clin. Chem., March 1, 2006; 52(3): 468 - 473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. E. Engstrom, P. Burman, C. Holdstock, M. Ohrvall, M. Sundbom, and F A. Karlsson Effects of gastric bypass on the GH/IGF-I axis in severe obesity - and a comparison with GH deficiency Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2006; 154(1): 53 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K Gleeson and S. M Shalet GH responsiveness varies during the menstrual cycle Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2005; 153(6): 775 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, D. Erickson, K. Mielke, L. S. Farhy, D. M. Keenan, and C. Y. Bowers Distinctive Inhibitory Mechanisms of Age and Relative Visceral Adiposity on Growth Hormone Secretion in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women Studied under a Hypogonadal Clamp J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6006 - 6013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J A Kanaley, I Giannopoulou, S Collier, R Ploutz-Snyder, and R Carhart Jr Hormone-replacement therapy use, but not race, impacts the resting and exercise-induced GH response in postmenopausal women Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2005; 153(4): 527 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D Veldhuis, D. M Keenan, K. Mielke, J. M Miles, and C. Y Bowers Testosterone supplementation in healthy older men drives GH and IGF-I secretion without potentiating peptidyl secretagogue efficacy Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2005; 153(4): 577 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, and C. Y. Bowers Joint Mechanisms of Impaired Growth-Hormone Pulse Renewal in Aging Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 4177 - 4183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Yonezawa, K. Mogi, J. Y. Li, R. Sako, K. Yamanouchi, and M. Nishihara Modulation of Growth Hormone Pulsatility by Sex Steroids in Female Goats Endocrinology, June 1, 2005; 146(6): 2736 - 2743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. G. Smith Development of Growth Hormone Secretagogues Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 346 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. H. Darzy, S. S. Pezzoli, M. O. Thorner, and S. M. Shalet The Dynamics of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion in Adult Cancer Survivors with Severe GH Deficiency Acquired after Brain Irradiation in Childhood for Nonpituitary Brain Tumors: Evidence for Preserved Pulsatility and Diurnal Variation with Increased Secretory Disorderliness J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2794 - 2803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, L. Farhy, A. L. Weltman, J. Kuipers, J. Weltman, and L. Wideman Gender Modulates Sequential Suppression and Recovery of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion by Physiological Feedback Signals in Young Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2874 - 2881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. G. Smith, L. Betancourt, and Y. Sun Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology of the Aging Central Nervous System Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 203 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, J. T. Patrie, K. T. Brill, J. Y. Weltman, E. E. Mueller, C. Y. Bowers, and A. Weltman Contributions of Gender and Systemic Estradiol and Testosterone Concentrations to Maximal Secretagogue Drive of Burst-Like Growth Hormone Secretion in Healthy Middle-Aged and Older Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2004; 89(12): 6291 - 6296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Blain, A. Vuillemin, A. Blain, F. Guillemin, N. D. Talance, B. Doucet, and C. Jeandel Age-Related Femoral Bone Loss in Men: Evidence for Hyperparathyroidism and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2004; 59(12): 1285 - 1289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, J. Y. Weltman, A. L. Weltman, A. Iranmanesh, E. E. Muller, and C. Y. Bowers Age and Secretagogue Type Jointly Determine Dynamic Growth Hormone Responses to Exogenous Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Negative Feedback in Healthy Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5542 - 5548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K.-C. Leung, G. Johannsson, G. M. Leong, and K. K. Y. Ho Estrogen Regulation of Growth Hormone Action Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2004; 25(5): 693 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Koutkia, B. Canavan, J. Breu, M. Torriani, J. Kissko, and S. Grinspoon Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in HIV-Infected Men With Lipodystrophy: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, July 14, 2004; 292(2): 210 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Hoffman, C. J. Strasburger, A. Zagar, W. F. Blum, A. Kehely, and M. L. Hartman Efficacy and Tolerability of an Individualized Dosing Regimen for Adult Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Comparison with Fixed Body Weight-Based Dosing J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3224 - 3233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Orrego, E. Dimaraki, K. Symons, and A. L. Barkan Physiological Testosterone Replenishment in Healthy Elderly Men Does Not Normalize Pituitary Growth Hormone Output: Evidence against the Connection between Senile Hypogonadism and Somatopause J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3255 - 3260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Schurgin, S. Dolan, A. Perlstein, M. P. Sullivan, N. Aliabadi, and S. Grinspoon Effects of Testosterone Administration on Growth Hormone Pulse Dynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3290 - 3297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. S. Bonert, J. D. Elashoff, P. Barnett, and S. Melmed Body Mass Index Determines Evoked Growth Hormone (GH) Responsiveness in Normal Healthy Male Subjects: Diagnostic Caveat for Adult GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3397 - 3401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-O. Jansson and J. Svensson Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement in Women in Relation to Their Endogenous GH Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 3066 - 3066. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Suter The Ontogeny of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion and Its Temporal Relationship to the Onset of Puberty in the Agonadal Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2275 - 2280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Y. Bowers, R. Granda, S. Mohan, J. Kuipers, D. Baylink, and J. D. Veldhuis Sustained Elevation of Pulsatile Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), IGF-Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and IGFBP-5 Concentrations during 30-Day Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion of GH-Releasing Peptide-2 in Older Men and Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2290 - 2300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. H. Baek, W. Y. Lee, K. W. Oh, H. S. Kim, J. H. Han, M. I. Kang, B. Y. Cha, K. W. Lee, H. Y. Son, S. K. Kang, et al. Changes in the Serum Growth Factors and Osteoprotegerin after Bone Marrow Transplantation: Impact on Bone and Mineral Metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2004; 89(3): 1246 - 1254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, J. Patrie, L. Wideman, M. Patterson, J. Y. Weltman, and A. Weltman Contrasting Negative-Feedback Control of Endogenously Driven and Exercise-Stimulated Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Women and Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 840 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, S. M. Anderson, J. T. Patrie, and C. Y. Bowers Estradiol Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women Doubles Rebound-Like Release of Growth Hormone (GH) Triggered by Sequential Infusion and Withdrawal of Somatostatin: Evidence that Estrogen Facilitates Endogenous GH-Releasing Hormone Drive J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 121 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Mukherjee, J. P. Monson, P. J. Jonsson, P. J. Trainer, and S. M. Shalet Seeking the Optimal Target Range for Insulin-Like Growth Factor I during the Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Disorders J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5865 - 5870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Shan, M. L. Messi, Z. Zheng, Z.-M. Wang, and O. Delbono Preservation of motor neuron Ca2+ channel sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor-1 in brain motor cortex from senescent rat J. Physiol., November 15, 2003; 553(1): 49 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, W. S. Evans, and C. Y. Bowers Estradiol Supplementation Enhances Submaximal Feed-Forward Drive of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion by Recombinant Human GH-Releasing Hormone-1,44-Amide in a Putatively Somatostatin-Withdrawn Milieu J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5484 - 5489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Mitchell Harman Testosterone, Sexuality, and Erectile Function in Aging Men J Androl, November 1, 2003; 24(6_suppl): S42 - S45. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Lissett and S. M. Shalet The Impact of Dose and Route of Estrogen Administration on the Somatotropic Axis in Normal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 4668 - 4672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-C. Hong, H. J. Thompson, C. Jiang, G. L. Hammond, D. Tritchler, M. Yaffe, and N. F. Boyd Val158Met Polymorphism in Catechol-O-methyltransferase Gene Associated with Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2003; 12(9): 838 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Sandoval, A. C. Ertl, M. A. Richardson, D. B. Tate, and S. N. Davis Estrogen Blunts Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Responses to Hypoglycemia Diabetes, July 1, 2003; 52(7): 1749 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Nakamura, M. Mizuno, H. Katakami, A. C. Gore, and E. Terasawa Aging-Related Changes in in Vivo Release of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin from the Stalk-Median Eminence in Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 827 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saaresranta and O. Polo Hormones and Breathing Chest, December 1, 2002; 122(6): 2165 - 2182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Woller, G. Everson-Binotto, E. Nichols, A. Acheson, K. L. Keen, C. Y. Bowers, and E. Terasawa Aging-Related Changes in Release of Growth Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone in Female Rhesus Monkeys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 5160 - 5167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. L. Riggs, S. Khosla, and L. J. Melton III Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2002; 23(3): 279 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Svensson, J. D. Veldhuis, A. Iranmanesh, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson Increased Orderliness of Growth Hormone (GH) Secretion in GH-Deficient Adults with Low Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor I J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2863 - 2869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Yuen, K. Ong, S. Husbands, P. Chatelain, L. Fryklund, P. Gluckman, M. Ranke, D. Cook, R. Rosenfeld, J. Wass, et al. The Effects of Short-Term Administration of Two Low Doses Versus the Standard GH Replacement Dose on Insulin Sensitivity and Fasting Glucose Levels in Young Healthy Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 1989 - 1995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Veldhuis, W. S. Evans, and C. Y. Bowers Impact of Estradiol Supplementation on Dual Peptidyl Drive of GH Secretion in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 859 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Anderson, L. Wideman, J. T. Patrie, A. Weltman, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis E2 Supplementation Selectively Relieves GH's Autonegative Feedback on GH-Releasing Peptide-2-Stimulated GH Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2001; 86(12): 5904 - 5911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Parkinson, W. D. J. Ryder, and P. J. Trainer The Relationship between Serum GH and Serum IGF-I in Acromegaly Is Gender-Specific J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5240 - 5244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. M. Drake, S. J. Howell, J. P. Monson, and S. M. Shalet Optimizing GH Therapy in Adults and Children Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2001; 22(4): 425 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Clasey, A. Weltman, J. Patrie, J. Y. Weltman, S. Pezzoli, C. Bouchard, M. O. Thorner, and M. L. Hartman Abdominal Visceral Fat and Fasting Insulin Are Important Predictors of 24-Hour GH Release Independent of Age, Gender, and Other Physiological Factors J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3845 - 3852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Lieman, T. E. Adel, C. Forst, S. Von Hagen, and N. Santoro Effects of Aging and Estradiol Supplementation on GH Axis Dynamics in Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3918 - 3923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Bray, T. M. Vick, N. Shah, S. M. Anderson, L. W. Rice, A. Iranmanesh, W. S. Evans, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Estradiol Replacement in Postmenopausal Women Selectively Mutes Somatostatin's Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Fasting Growth Hormone Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3143 - 3149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Charmandari, S. M. Pincus, D. R. Matthews, E. Dennison, C. H. D. Fall, and P. C. Hindmarsh Joint Growth Hormone and Cortisol Spontaneous Secretion Is More Asynchronous in Older Females Than in Their Male Counterparts J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3393 - 3399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Oleksik, T. Duong, N. Pliester, G. Asma, C. Popp-Snijders, and P. Lips Effects of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Raloxifene, on the Somatotropic Axis and Insulin-Glucose Homeostasis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2763 - 2768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bondanelli, A. Margutti, M. R. Ambrosio, L. Plaino, L. Cobellis, F. Petraglia, and E. C. degli Uberti Blood Growth Hormone-Binding Protein Levels in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: Roles of Body Weight and Estrogen Levels J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2001; 86(5): 1973 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. A. Landis, M. J. Lentz, J. Rothermel, S. C. Riffle, D. Chapman, D. Buchwald, and J. L. F. Shaver Decreased Nocturnal Levels of Prolactin and Growth Hormone in Women with Fibromyalgia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2001; 86(4): 1672 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. A. Gusenoff, S. M. Harman, J. D. Veldhuis, J. J. Jayme, C. St. Clair, T. Munzer, C. Christmas, K. G. O'Connor, T. E. Stevens, M. F. Bellantoni, et al. Cortisol and GH secretory dynamics, and their interrelationships, in healthy aged women and men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2001; 280(4): E616 - E625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Murphy, S. Weiss, M. McClung, T. Schnitzer, K. Cerchio, J. Connor, D. Krupa, and B. J. Gertz Effect of Alendronate and MK-677 (a Growth Hormone Secretagogue), Individually and in Combination, on Markers of Bone Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1116 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. V. Dimaraki, C. A. Jaffe, R. Demott-Friberg, M. Russell-Aulet, C. Y. Bowers, P. Marbach, and A. L. Barkan Generation of growth hormone pulsatility in women: evidence against somatostatin withdrawal as pulse initiator Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2001; 280(3): E489 - E495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Anderson, N. Shah, W. S. Evans, J. T. Patrie, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Estradiol Supplementation Augments Growth Hormone (GH) Secretory Responsiveness to Dose-Varying GH-Releasing Peptide Infusions in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2001; 86(2): 551 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Russell-Aulet, E. V. Dimaraki, C. A. Jaffe, R. DeMott-Friberg, and A. L. Barkan Aging-Related Growth Hormone (GH) Decrease Is a Selective Hypothalamic GH-Releasing Hormone Pulse Amplitude Mediated Phenomenon J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2001; 56(2): 124M - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Sytze van Dam, H. E. C. Smid, W. R. de Vries, M. Niesink, E. Bolscher, E. J. Waasdorp, C. Dieguez, F. F. Casanueva, and H. P. F. Koppeschaar Reduction of Free Fatty Acids By Acipimox Enhances the Growth Hormone (GH) Responses to GH-Releasing Peptide 2 in Elderly Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2000; 85(12): 4706 - 4711. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J.-L. Liu, S. Yakar, and D. LeRoith Mice Deficient in Liver Production of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Display Sexual Dimorphism in Growth Hormone-Stimulated Postnatal Growth Endocrinology, December 1, 2000; 141(12): 4436 - 4441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Dall, S. Longobardi, C. Ehrnborg, N. Keay, T. Rosén, J. O. L. Jørgensen, R. C. Cuneo, M. A. Boroujerdi, A. Cittadini, R. Napoli, et al. The Effect of Four Weeks of Supraphysiological Growth Hormone Administration on the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis in Women and Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2000; 85(11): 4193 - 4200. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. Van Cauter, R. Leproult, and L. Plat Age-Related Changes in Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep and Relationship With Growth Hormone and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Men JAMA, August 16, 2000; 284(7): 861 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. D Rogol, P. A Clark, and J. N Roemmich Growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents: effects of diet and physical activity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 521S - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Maccario, G. Aimaretti, G. Corneli, C. Gauna, S. Grottoli, M. Bidlingmaier, C. J. Strasburger, C. Dieguez, F. F. Casanueva, and E. Ghigo Short-term fasting abolishes the sex-related difference in GH and leptin secretion in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2000; 279(2): E411 - E416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Janssen, S. B. Heymsfield, Z. Wang, and R. Ross Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2000; 89(1): 81 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Vidal, M. K. Lindberg, K. Hollberg, D. J. Baylink, G. Andersson, D. B. Lubahn, S. Mohan, J.-A. Gustafsson, and C. Ohlsson Estrogen receptor specificity in the regulation of skeletal growth and maturation in male mice PNAS, May 9, 2000; 97(10): 5474 - 5479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B.-A. Bengtsson and G. Johannsson The Treatment of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2000; 85(3): 933 - 937. [Full Text]

				J. P. T. Span, G. F. F. M. Pieters, C. G. J. Sweep, A. R. M. M. Hermus, and A. G. H. Smals Gender Difference in Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Response to Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in GH-Deficient Adults: Role of Sex Hormone Replacement J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2000; 85(3): 1121 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. R. DRANGE, N. R. FRAM, V. HERMAN-BONERT, and S. MELMED Pituitary Tumor Registry: A Novel Clinical Resource J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 168 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				G. Van den Berghe, R. C. Baxter, F. Weekers, P. Wouters, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis A Paradoxical Gender Dissociation within the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Axis during Protracted Critical Illness J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 183 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B.-A. Bengtsson, R. Abs, H. Bennmarker, J. P. Monson, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, E. Hernberg-Ståhl, B. Westberg, P. Wilton, and C. Wüster The Effects of Treatment and the Individual Responsiveness to Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Therapy in 665 GH-Deficient Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 3929 - 3935. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. M. Cook, W. H. Ludlam, and M. B. Cook Route of Estrogen Administration Helps to Determine Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Dose in GH-Deficient Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 3956 - 3960. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Russell-Aulet, C. A. Jaffe, R. DeMott-Friberg, and A. L. Barkan In Vivo Semiquantification of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Output in Humans: Evidence for Relative GHRH Deficiency in Aging J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3490 - 3497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Center, T. V. Nguyen, P. N. Sambrook, and J. A. Eisman Hormonal and Biochemical Parameters in the Determination of Osteoporosis in Elderly Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3626 - 3635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. K. Reed, A. I. Korytko, R. W. Hipkin, W. B. Wehrenberg, A. Schonbrunn, and L. Cuttler Pituitary Somatostatin Receptor (sst)1-5 Expression during Rat Development: Age-Dependent Expression of sst2 Endocrinology, October 1, 1999; 140(10): 4739 - 4744. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. C. Walvoord and O. H. Pescovitz Combined Use of Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues in Precocious Puberty: Theoretic and Practical Considerations Pediatrics, October 1, 1999; 104(4): 1010 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Wideman, J. Y. Weltman, N. Shah, S. Story, J. D. Veldhuis, and A. Weltman Effects of gender on exercise-induced growth hormone release J Appl Physiol, September 1, 1999; 87(3): 1154 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. C. Hindmarsh, E. Dennison, S. M. Pincus, C. Cooper, C. H. D. Fall, D. R. Matthews, P. J. Pringle, and C. G. D. Brook A Sexually Dimorphic Pattern of Growth Hormone Secretion in the Elderly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2679 - 2685. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				N. Shah, J. Aloi, W. S. Evans, and J. D. Veldhuis Time Mode of Growth Hormone (GH) Entry into the Bloodstream and Steady-State Plasma GH Concentrations, Rather Than Sex, Estradiol, or Menstrual Cycle Stage, Primarily Determine the GH Elimination Rate in Healthy Young Women and Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1999; 84(8): 2862 - 2869. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. J. Rosen Serum Insulin-like Growth Factors and Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins: Clinical Implications Clin. Chem., August 1, 1999; 45(8): 1384 - 1390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Johansson, B. E. Engström, S. Ljunghall, F. A. Karlsson, and P. Burman Gender Differences in the Effects of Long Term Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment on Bone in Adults with GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 2002 - 2007. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. Ghigo, G. Aimaretti, M. Maccario, G. Fanciulli, E. Arvat, F. Minuto, G. Giordano, G. Delitala, and F. Camanni Dose-response study of GH effects on circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in healthy young men and women Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 1999; 276(6): E1009 - E1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]