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Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Montreal Montreal, Canada
I. INTRODUCTION: SINCE the first description of the "alarm reaction," a decade ago, many publications have dealt with this phenomenon and with the "general adaptation syndrome," of which it forms a part. It is becoming increasingly more obvious that certain physiologic mechanisms, in which the endocrin system plays a prominent part, help to raise resistance to damage as such, irrespective of the specific nature of the damaging agents. Interest in the general adaptation syndrome has recently received a further impetus as a result of investigations suggesting that some of the most important diseases of human pathology (such as hypertension, nephrosclerosis and the rheumatic diseases) may represent by-products of the endocrine reactions, which are at play in the general adaptation syndrome. It was considered a timely enterprise, therefore, to survey this field now and to supply a guide to the rather scattered and polyglot, pertinent literature. In order to familiarize himself with different points of view, the reader is also referred to several earlier reviews on the general adaptation syndrome (10, 11, 235, 295, 358, 569, 571, 577, 629, 634, 654).
1 This review is based in part upon a lecture delivered before the First Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Allergy, New York, December, 1944. Essentially the same material will be published in the Journal of Allergy (St. Louis, Mo.), the Annales d'Endocrinologie (Paris, France), Manpower (Johannesburg, South Africa), Piersol's Cyclopedia of Medicine, Surgery and Specialties (Philadelphia) and the Bulletin de Biologie et de Médecine Expérimental de l'U.R.S.S. (Moscow, U.S.S.R.), at the request of the editors of these publications.
Those investigations reported in this review, which were performed by my co-workers and myself, were subsidized at first by the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, and more recently by the Commonwealth Foundation of New York. To both we wish to express our deepest gratitude.
Received September 17, 1945.
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S. J. Gray, J. A. Benson Jr., R. W. Reifenstein, and H. M. Spiro CHRONIC STRESS AND PEPTIC ULCER: I. EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN (ACTH) AND CORTISONE ON GASTRIC SECRETION JAMA, December 15, 1951; 147(16): 1529 - 1537. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. C. Shaw, B. C. Hatziolos, and A. C. Chung Studies on Ketosis in Dairy Cattle, XV: Response to Treatment with Cortisone and ACTH Science, November 30, 1951; 114(2970): 574 - 576. [PDF]
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G. O. DEAN, A. M. EARLE, and W. A. REILLY FAILURE OF THYMECTOMY IN LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA Arch Surg, November 1, 1951; 63(5): 695 - 697. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. LENARSKY, R. L. PARR, and H. E. SEANOR EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS: Review of Five Hundred Twenty-Six Cases Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 1951; 82(2): 160 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. M. O'DONNELL, S. S. FAJANS, and J. G. WEINBAUM HUMAN ADRENAL CORTEX AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF ACTH AND CORTISONE: Morphologic Changes Arch Intern Med, July 1, 1951; 88(1): 28 - 35. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. A. OLSON, E. H. STEFFENSEN, R. W. SMITH, R. R. MARGULIS, and E. L. WHITNEY USE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND CORTISONE IN OCULAR DISEASE Arch Ophthalmol, March 1, 1951; 45(3): 274 - 300. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. A. SCHAFFENBURG, J. B. R. McKENDRY, and E. P. McCULLAGH COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND ASCORBIC ACID: II. Experimental Observations Arch Intern Med, February 1, 1951; 87(2): 199 - 203. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. D. SNYDER and H. E. SNYDER SERUM AND URINARY POTASSIUM IN SURGICAL PATIENTS Arch Surg, July 1, 1950; 61(1): 62 - 75. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. M. WINER, J. F. BEAKEY, and M. S. SEGAL A CLINICOPATHOLOGIC STUDY OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA WITH CONSIDERATION OF ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE "GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME" Ann Intern Med, July 1, 1950; 33(1): 134 - 162. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. J. KERT, M. J. ROSENBURG, E. L. COODLEY, L. J. MURDOCK, S. H. HOFFMAN, E. J. BROTMAN, and W. L. JOHNSTON TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION: Experiences with the Use of a Low Sodium Diet Other Than the Rice Diet: A Preliminary Report JAMA, June 24, 1950; 143(8): 721 - 724. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. L. WILLIAMS, B. T. HORTON, and L. A. DAY ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS WITHOUT VERTIGO: Its Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, April 1, 1950; 51(4): 557 - 581. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. M. RACKEMANN OTHER FACTORS BESIDES ALLERGY IN ASTHMA JAMA, February 25, 1950; 142(8): 534 - 538. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. ST. G. TUCKER JR., J. L. CHITWOOD, and C. P. PARKER JR. PITUITARY MYXEDEMA: REPORT OF THREE CASES Ann Intern Med, January 1, 1950; 32(1): 52 - 62. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. S. Timiras and H. Selye On the Participation of the Reticuloendothelial System in the Alarm Reaction Science, November 25, 1949; 110(2865): 560 - 561. [PDF]
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J. W. CONN ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF SWEAT: Clinical Implications as an Index of Adrenal Cortical Function Arch Intern Med, April 1, 1949; 83(4): 416 - 428. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Hellman Production of Acute Gouty Arthritis by Adrenocorticotropin Science, March 18, 1949; 109(2829): 280 - 281. [PDF]
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S. H. JONES, O. Z. YOUNGHUSBAND, and J. A. EVANS HUMAN PARABIOTIC PYGOPAGUS TWINS WITH HYPERTENSION: Report of a Case with Clinical, Psychologic and Endocrinologic Observations JAMA, October 30, 1948; 138(9): 642 - 645. [Abstract] [PDF]
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